“打通”和“分界”:回到中国现当代文学

将传统意义上的中国现代文学与中国当代文学"打通",是当下中国现当代文学研究格局深化调整的某种必然.若把中国大陆、台湾、香港三地文学纳入共同的参照视野,不难发现,1945-1949年的中国文学是更多地贯通着1950年代文学形态的,而在传统的研究中,这种内在的贯通性恰恰被阻断,由此可以引起我们对中国现当代文学"打通"和"分界"的重新思考.笔者认为,可以把距今30年以上的文学作为"现代文学史",着重从文学史观的调整、深化来建构;把近30年的文学作为"当代文学"的批评内容,着重从文学批评观的调整深化对当下文学历史完成"同代人"的留摄、考察.相信这样一种分界经得起时间推移,有利于中国现当代文学的学科建设.     

改革开放以来党的民族干部政策与西部民族地区的科学发展

西部民族地区要加快科学发展,缩小与东部发达地区的差距,必须大力培养和选拔少数民族干部,这是党和国家一项重要的民族政策。本文从西部民族地区发展少数民族干部的重要性出发,具体阐述了改革开放以来党的民族干部政策对推动西部民族地区科学发展的历史经验,并从中引发出若干思考。     

论中国农村改革30年的历史进程与基本经验

中国农村改革30年的历史进程大致可以分别以1978年、1988年和2002年划分为三个阶段.其基本经验主要包括四个方面:坚持依靠农民和维护农民的权益是农村改革的出发点和落脚点;坚持农村社会主义市场经济改革取向,为农村经济注入新的活力;坚持统筹城乡发展的战略,破除二元体制的障碍;根据不同阶段农业和农村发展要求,循序渐进地推进农村改革.     

我国行政问责制建设的现状、缺陷及完善

我国行政问责制正式走进公众视线,已经历了五年的发展.行政问责制建设取得了不少成绩,但也面临着问责主体单一、问责对象不清、问责程序不够规范、责任追究不力、问责信息不充分、问责制度不完善等一系列现实难题与制度缺陷.要从根本上解决行政问责制建设中存在的问题,尽快完成从人治问责向法治问责的转变.     

教育地位获得的性别差异——家庭背景对男性和女性教育地位获得的影响

本文基于2001年"当代中国社会结构变迁研究"的全国抽样调查数据,采用地位获得模型分析,考察了教育地位获得的性别差异及其原因,并重点探讨了家庭背景因素——包括父母教育水平、父亲职业地位、户口身份和家庭经济条件——对男性和女性的影响差异。研究结果显示,家庭背景因素对女性的教育地位获得的影响明显大于对男性的影响,即,女性的受教育机会更易于受到家庭背景的局限,出身于较差的家庭环境——特别是生长于农村或来自农民家庭——的女性的受教育机会明显少于其他人。     

El aleph de memorias y los modos de documentar la división de Corea en la contemporaneidad

The aftermath of the Korean War (1950–1953), the North Korean refugees and political prisoners in the South, the separation of families, and others painful traces of the division of Korea (1945), have occupied a central place in South Korean cinema. However, for decades, the cinematic representations of the ideological conflict did not take into account the way in which violence and horror struck the Korean diaspora. The presence of these memories in Our School (2006) and Grandmother's Flower (2008) has produced a new challenge to the ways of seeing and narrating the historical memories in visual images. In this article, I will focus on revealing the values of the past in terms of memory space. I suggest a reading from a peculiar understanding of violence, oppression and discrimination. By comparing these two acclaimed films, I have attempted to rethink the boundaries and dispute processes of appropriating historical traumas and its relation to the multiple locations of historical memories.     

Landless but not assetless: female agricultural labour on the road to better status,evidence from India

Women's share of agricultural wage employment is rising across the Indian sub-continent. Studies examining this process of feminisation tend to be divided along the lines of an ideological debate following either the ‘poverty-push’ or the ‘demand-pull’ argument. This debate, however, has largely ignored the institution of patriarchy. In this study we revisit the debate with a focus on gender relations. The study is based on data collected from 291 households in the state of Andhra Pradesh. We find that, despite increased labour market participation, women's household status, her wages and working conditions remain acutely depressed. Women labourers with access to productive assets, however, are effectively expanding their agency within both the household and the labour market. Their experiences, we argue, have implications for transformative policies.     

Thinking and caring about indigenous peoples’ human rights: Swedish students writing history beyond scholarly debate

According to national and international guidelines, schools should promote historical thinking and foster moral values. Scholars have debated, but not analysed in depth in practice, whether history education can and should hold a normative dimension. This study analyses current human rights education in two Swedish senior high school groups, in classes meant to promote what has been described as conflicting ideals of historical thinking and empathy as caring. Content analysis of students’ exam essays shows intertwined relationships between critical thinking and judgements. The results also highlight how students care that people are treated unjustly; can identify different perspectives; link the past to the present and the future; and use corroboration of information to get the best grade. This analysis shows that the students focus on historical empathy as caring rather than sourcing and corroboration. However, all students combine normative judgements with the complicated act of more neutral perspective recognition in their papers. Evidently, students may combine historical thinking and empathy as caring in line with recommendations of international understanding when they write history about indigenous peoples’ human rights. These findings are significant to all researchers, teachers and decision-makers interested in furthering analytical skills or moral values in education.     

Guest workers or unauthorized immigrants? The case of forest workers in the United States

This study examines regional differences in the legal status of forest workers in the Pacific Northwest and Southeastern United States, using United States Department of Labor data and qualitative fieldwork in Alabama and Oregon. The authors find that there are significantly fewer H-2B guest workers on federal lands in Oregon than on privately owned forest plantations in Alabama, and the Southeast more generally. By contrast, numerous workers on federal lands in Oregon are undocumented. This difference may largely be explained by variations in the economies of scale in forest work in the Pacific Northwest (federal lands) and the Southeast (mainly private lands). The study also finds that there is no real difference in the working conditions of undocumented immigrants and guest workers—both groups face labor exploitation. Guest workers in the forest industry, many of whom have no previous work experience or access to social networks in the United States, face extreme isolation at worksites, are beholden to contractors, fear losing their jobs if they complain, and are generally unaware of their basic rights. By contrast, many undocumented forest workers in Oregon belong to established social networks through which they are recruited onto forest labor crews. However, unauthorized workers are also vulnerable to labor exploitation because they fear deportation and are obliged to their kin-employers. Policy recommendations to improve labor conditions and enforce existing labor laws for all forest workers include: better tracking of workers across states to monitor labor abuses, allocating more resources to state labor departments to facilitate worker outreach and worksite inspections, and better communication among land management officials and the Department of Labor.

Keeping Up with the Joneses: The Interplay of Personal and Collective Evaluations in Voter Turnout

Do citizens turnout to vote because of changes in their personal financial situation or are they influenced by the nation’s economic performance? Previous research on this question is far from united. We attempt to unify the disparate literature on the effects of pocketbook and sociotropic evaluations on voter turnout in midterm and presidential elections. Our analysis of ANES data from 1978 to 2004, based on a reference-dependent model of voter turnout, indicates that both pocketbook and sociotropic considerations affect individuals’ decision of whether to vote in midterm elections. Those who perceive that over the last year their own financial situation has improved relative to the economy are less likely to vote than those who view the economy as outperforming their own financial situation.