The Reliability of Facial Recognition of Deceased Persons on Photographs

In humanitarian emergencies, such as the current deceased migrants in the Mediterranean, antemortem documentation needed for identification may be limited. The use of visual identification has been previously reported in cases of mass disasters such as Thai tsunami. This pilot study explores the ability of observers to match unfamiliar faces of living and dead persons and whether facial morphology can be used for identification. A questionnaire was given to 41 students and five professionals in the field of forensic identification with the task to choose whether a facial photograph corresponds to one of the five photographs in a lineup and to identify the most useful features used for recognition. Although the overall recognition score did not significantly differ between professionals and students, the median scores of 78.1% and 80.0%, respectively, were too low to consider this method as a reliable identification method and thus needs to be supported by other means.     

MSCT及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医鉴定中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及图像后处理在鼻骨骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法采用MSCT对134例被鉴定人进行薄层扫描并行多平面重建(MPR)和表面遮盖成像(SSD)。比较MSCT与常规X线诊断结果。结果线型骨折55(41.04%)例,粉碎型骨折46例(34.33%),凹陷型骨折27例(20.15%),未见骨折6例(4.48%)。X线平片及CR片漏、误诊48例(35.82%)。MSCT正确诊断133例(99.25%)。两者诊断结果存在显著差异(χ2=45.0816,P<0.001)。结论MSCT及后处理图像应作为鼻骨骨折法医鉴定的主要依据。     

文化融入策略与恐怖组织的认同

恐怖组织的认同构建过程可分为三个阶段：个体恐怖分子在群体中找到自我、组织内部同一性的构建以及组织一致对外的恐怖主义活动。在整个认同构建过程中,始终贯穿着恐怖组织内外群体文化融入策略选择的矛盾,具体表现为：第一阶段,潜在恐怖分子在主流文化中认同受挫,转而寻求加入恐怖组织。第二阶段,恐怖组织以自身所处的宗教文化为基础,构建其组织文化,并积极通过各种方式加深组织成员对这一文化的认同,但与此相对,恐怖组织外群体却很难认同其组织文化。第三阶段,恐怖组织内外群体文化融入策略选择的矛盾持续激化,最终导致恐怖组织采取一致对外的恐怖主义活动。通过“伊斯兰国”作为案例,对上述恐怖组织的认同过程进行分析后发现,“伊斯兰国”的“成功”是与其“成功”的文化融入策略密切相关,而其在阿富汗的受挫,在很大程度上也是由于文化融入策略“失当”所导致的,即“伊斯兰国”在阿富汗不但无力完成与塔利班的竞争,而且无法解决组织面临的跨文化冲突问题。因此,在打击“伊斯兰国”等暴恐极端势力时,关注文化融入策略的影响并有针对性地采取对策,具有重要意义和价值。     

三七破壁饮片质量分析

目的 建立三七破壁饮片的质量控制方法。方法 参考2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》相关检测方法,对10批三七破壁饮片的性状、显微特征、薄层鉴别、指纹图谱及其水分、灰分、浸出物、重金属、粒径分布以及人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1、三七皂苷R1的含量等进行检测,建立三七破壁饮片的质量控制方法。结果 三七破壁饮片为灰褐色至灰黄色的颗粒,气微,味苦回甜。显微镜下可见淀粉粒甚多,单粒圆形、半圆形或圆多角形,直径4~30 μm,脂道碎片含黄色分泌物,导管碎片较少。薄层鉴别显示,10批样品在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,均显示相同颜色的斑点。水分范围为5.05%～9.82%,总灰分范围为2.96%～3.20%,酸不溶性灰分范围为0.52%～1.19%,浸出物含量范围为21.03%～27.78%,每0.01 g样品中未破壁细胞数为46~81。指纹图谱显示,各批次三七破壁饮片的色谱图相似度为0.879~0.996。粒径分析显示,各样品D90为34.09~38.93 μm。10批样品中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1总含量为6.9%～8.3%。结论 建立的方法可用于三七破壁饮片的质量控制。     

行业协会腐败治理及其刑事责任追究

行业协会有一定的行政管理和服务职能,也有经费来源,故有腐败的条件。行业协会腐败形式多样,对行业协会腐败的治理措施主要是政社分开、加强监管以及对腐败活动追究行政和刑事责任。其中,《刑法》对以个人名义进行的腐败活动有相应的罪名惩处,而很多腐败活动以协会名义进行,《刑法》缺乏对这类腐败的罪名规定。要提高对行业协会腐败治理的效果,应在《刑法》中增设相应的行业协会单位犯罪的罪名。     

徽州地区菊花的指纹图谱鉴别及其评价研究

目的 采用高效液相色谱法建立徽州地区菊花的指纹图谱,鉴别菊花不同品种类型,更好地评价徽州地区贡菊的质量。方法 采用Topsil HPLC C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为325 nm,建立20批徽州地区菊花的指纹图谱,采用相似度评价、聚类分析及主成分分析方法对数据进行分析。结果 20批菊花样品之间相似度在0.703～0.989之间,不同品种菊花可分别聚为一类,主成分分析确定3个主成分,方差累积贡献率达82.401%。结论 本实验建立的指纹图谱精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,可为徽州地区菊花的内在质量控制与品质评价提供初步的研究基础。     

大白口蘑子实体的化学成分研究

目的 研究大白口蘑(Tricholoma giganteum Massee)子实体的化学成分。方法 大白口蘑子实体的乙酸乙酯部位经过硅胶、RP-18、Sephadex LH-20等多种材料进行分离纯化, 通过现代波谱技术进行结构鉴定。结果 分离鉴定了12个化合物,它们分别为：亚油酸甲酯（1）、亚油酸（2）、麦角甾-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-四烯-3-酮（3）、麦角甾-5, 7, 22-三烯-3β-醇（4）、过氧麦角甾醇（5）、麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β, 5α, 9α-三羟基-6酮（6）、麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β, 5α-二羟基-6酮（7）、麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β, 5α, 6α, 9α-四醇（8）、麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β, 5α, 6β, 9α-四醇（9）、麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β, 5α, 6β-三醇（10）、3β-O-glucopyranosyl-5α, 6β-dihydroxy-ergosta-7,22-diene（11）、脑苷脂D（12）。结论 化合物1-3、6-12均为首次从该种真菌中分离得到。     

指纹鉴定标准研究

通过对国内学术界关于指纹鉴定标准构建的几种思路的分析,经综合比较,选择符合点＂数量＂思路作进一步探讨。在简要分析国外指纹鉴定＂数量＂标准研究概况基础上,尝试提出新的＂指纹特征组合概率计算模型＂,并以概率计算方式论证了8个符合点作为鉴定标准的合理性,由此得出一些对指纹鉴定工作可能有现实意义的结论。     

Locating,Identifying, and Comparing Sub‐visible Paint Particles

Forensic paint comparisons are generally conducted on samples which, while small relative to their source, are still visible to the unaided eye and are thus located and analyzed without great difficulty. Here we demonstrate that a more detailed examination of candidate transfer surfaces can capture materials (questioned samples), even when such traces are invisible to the unaided eye. While certain analytical details (such as layer sequence or a pure FTIR spectrum) may not be obtainable from such traces due to their size and condition, a detailed analysis of the sample characteristics that are analytically accessible may still provide sufficient analytical data to arrive at a probative result. Here we present the application of this approach to a suspected paint transfer case, involving particles of paint as small as 40 μm in size. Using a combination of stereomicroscopy, polarized light microscopy, infrared microspectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and SEM/EDS, all performed on a single, subsample of the original minute particle, it was possible to demonstrate evidence of a two‐way transfer between the suspected sources. Furthermore, the transferred paint particle in one direction could be classified as automotive in nature based on a combination of polymer composition, microscopic texture, and pigment package (which included three specifically identified pigments). This work demonstrates (i) the potential for improving detection limits when searching for a questioned sample, (ii) the potential benefits of higher resolution analyses on samples that would be traditionally labeled as “sample‐size limited,” and (iii) the value of case‐specific interpretation over standardized, one‐size fits all report templates.     

A Historical,Detailed Toolmark Examination from 1916

Marc Bischoff received his PhD from the University of Lausanne, Institute of Police Science and Criminology, and later became the head of the Institute. His final examination paper for his doctorate degree constitutes a toolmark analysis and comparison between a suspected axe and questioned cuttings of wood trunks. Bischoff uses the scientific method to test the hypothesis he formulated. Dated 1916, this report includes his notes, measurements, photomicrographs of the questioned toolmarks and the test impressions, detailed sketches, technical discussion, results, and conclusions. Recognizing the historical value of Bischoff's work, it seemed important to get it translated. Photocopies of Bischoff's original work were obtained. The case report, translated from French, is presented here along with a brief history of the Firearm and Toolmark Identification field and Bischoff's role in the beginning of this field. Bischoff's work stands as testimony to the long tradition of the field of forensic toolmark analysis.