论信息技术对犯罪侦查的影响及应对

在信息化背景下,信息技术对犯罪侦查工作产生了全方位的影响。其中,对犯罪侦查工作影响最为直接、最为密切的有四个方面：一是拓展了侦查空间,在原有物理空间外,增加了一个虚拟空间,也使电子证据成为一种常见的证据形式;二是影响着犯罪客体,信息技术广泛地被运用于犯罪,犯罪手法也具有了信息化的特征;三是改变了侦查环境,升级了侦查工具,侦查办案已与网络与计算机密切相连;四是促进了侦查途径与方法的演变,侦查途径更具多样性,“电子资源”广泛存在,“数字化侦查”已成为一种必然的选择。面对这些变化,侦查主体应转变思路,更新理念,通过对信息化背景下犯罪情况的研究,探寻应对方法。     

Privacy impact assessment: Its origins and development

Privacy impact assessment (PIA) is a systematic process for evaluating the potential effects on privacy of a project, initiative or proposed system or scheme. Its use has become progressively more common from the mid-1990s onwards.     

Automatic Classification of Bloodstain Patterns Caused by Gunshot and Blunt Impact at Various Distances

The forensics discipline of bloodstain pattern analysis plays an important role in crime scene analysis and reconstruction. One reconstruction question is whether the blood has been spattered via gunshot or blunt impact such as beating or stabbing. This paper proposes an automated framework to classify bloodstain spatter patterns generated under controlled conditions into either gunshot or blunt impact classes. Classification is performed using machine learning. The study is performed with 94 blood spatter patterns which are available as public data sets, designs a set of features with possible relevance to classification, and uses the random forests method to rank the most useful features and perform classification. The study shows that classification accuracy decreases with the increasing distance between the target surface collecting the stains and the blood source. Based on the data set used in this study, the model achieves 99% accuracy in classifying spatter patterns at distances of 30 cm, 93% accuracy at distances of 60 cm, and 86% accuracy at distances of 120 cm. Results with 10 additional backspatter patterns also show that the presence of muzzle gases can reduce classification accuracy.     

A Policy Outcomes Comparison: Does SIB Market Discipline Narrow Social Rights?

Abstract

This article argues that the outcomes-based management schemes in social impact bonds (SIBs) simplify social impact and often ignore the complex ecosystem of more powerful actors that contribute to social problems. Using human ecological theory, it focuses on early care and education SIBs across the OECD to show how the focus on clients and metrics at the micro scale fails to achieve broad outcomes and may even narrow social rights. By contrast, SIBs that focus on meso- and macro-level actors have more opportunity to effect systemic change and broaden social rights. However, SIBs are rarely focused on powerful private market actors.     

Undergraduate Research at Two-Year Community Colleges

There is a growing movement in academia that focuses on increased efforts at undergraduate research. Historically, this movement has been driven by faculty in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and has only recently become a focus for social sciences in general and political science in particular. For students to be successful at conducting undergraduate research, they should be exposed to it as soon as they are ready. This requires exposing students to undergraduate research in the freshmen and sophomore years. There is no reason this exposure should be limited to four-year institutions. To that end, a new journal has been created for students in political science and other social science courses at two-year colleges so they can be recognized for their undergraduate research. The Social Science Text and Academic Research (STAR) Journal is a peer/faculty-reviewed journal limited to students at two-year colleges.     

中西文化冲突与清末宪政模式之选择

中国传统政治文化与西方宪政文化是两种不同的价值体系,前者凸显君权主义,后者以保障人权为诉求.西方宪政文化的输人及其对清末立宪的影响,是在"中体西用"的思维定式下被纳入中国传统政治体系后才发生作用的,因此,其价值含量和基本功能无不受到贬损和扭曲.在中西不同文化相互冲突、交融和互动的形势下形成的清末宪政模式,对中国近代宪政实践产生了复杂的影响,留下了深刻教训.     

Melting Down and Scaling Up: Stabilizing Climate Change by Promoting Private Sector Technology Development

This paper will examine the role the private sector plays in researching, developing, and deploying technology that has the potential to deter or decrease the impacts of global warming. It will explore the degree to which the private sector can have an impact on global warming by focusing on four specific technologies: aircraft engines, wind turbines, solar energy, and clean coal technologies. We will compare the environmental impact of these technologies with the business case for pursuing each, specifically related to profitability and market maturity. We conclude that the business case alone is not sufficiently compelling to stimulate meaningful industry investment in these areas. Consequently, specific government involvement is needed for CO₂ reduction. This analysis will shed light on the role that government must play in order to more effectively engage potential private sector players in the global warming challenge.     

论建国后我国土地制度的演变——基于农民土地观的分析

新中国成立以来,我国先后经历了三次大规模的农村土地制度变迁,从土地改革到农村集体化,再到家庭联产承包责任制的实施,在这一过程中,农民土地观的演变轨迹颇为明显。农民究竟是如何看待他们赖以生存的土地以及他们与土地的关系,对于完善我国当前的土地制度尤为重要。     

Social Impact Bonds: Implementation,Evaluation, and Monitoring

Traditional approaches to public policy increasingly fail to resolve social challenges, particularly in the field of criminal justice. High rates of juvenile recidivism, for example, are often linked to inequality in education and persistent, long-term unemployment—factors which, while complex, are nonetheless conducive to preventative strategies.

Social impact bonds (SIBs) are “pay-for-success” programs that attract private-sector, upfront funding for social interventions. If the program achieves agreed targets, taxpayer funds repay the investor. If the program fails to meet agreed targets, investors take the loss.

This innovative form of social finance through public–private partnership has helped spur efficiencies and improvements in the provision and outcomes of criminal justice services. However, the success of a SIB depends on careful implementation, evaluation, and monitoring.     

A Comparative Analysis of Social Impact Bond and Conventional Financing Approaches to Health Service Commissioning in England: The Case of Social Prescribing

Abstract

The article compares two social prescribing interventions in Northern England. One was financed through a Social Impact Bond (SIB) and the other was financed in a more conventional way. It utilises a comparative approach to understand the extent to which different methods of financing social prescribing conform to key features of the New Public Management (NPM) or New Public Governance (NPG) in their design and implementation. It finds that a SIB approach tends towards NPM during programme design and implementation and that this creates challenges for social prescribing programmes, the complexity of which appear better suited to an NPG-based relational approach.