Towards a conception of the systemic impact of China on late development

Abstract

The tremendous expansion of the Chinese economy since the turn of the century, especially in terms of its external dynamics, is of world-scale significance. It seems to justify the quest for appropriate conceptions of China’s systemic impact on late development worldwide. A large number of scholarly studies have coalesced to analyse two crucial aspects of the impact, namely: impact on the performance of industrialisation and the condition of labour in the developing world. This paper seeks to critically appraise and reinterpret the existing studies. The appraisal is not so much a critique but rather an attempt to appropriately position the studies in the systemic context. It is submitted that the existing studies’ focus on market competition, as the main form through which China’s impact manifests, needs to be complemented and underpinned by the more fundamental consideration of productive investment. In the direction of constructing a systemic conception, it is further submitted that the China impact can potentially serve as a countervailing force against the prevailing dynamics of the world economy under neoliberal globalisation – ie the rising predominance of speculative finance that tends to crowd out productive investment, thereby hampering industrialisation and worsening labour conditions in the developing world.     

关于鸦片战争对中国影响的研究综述

鸦片战争是中国近代史的开端,开启了中国的近代化进程。对鸦片战争的研究一直是学术界研究的重要领域之一。不忘惨痛历史,才能走向伟大复兴。文章拟从政治、经济、思想文化和社会生活四个方面简单综述鸦片战争对中国的影响。     

传销犯罪案件侦查研究（上）

传销犯罪案件,对我国经济秩序及社会稳定都造成了极大的危害。传销犯罪侦查工作,通过收集证据、证实犯罪、查获相关犯罪嫌疑人,有力地遏制了传销犯罪的迅速蔓延。然而,现今传销犯罪侦查工作仍有诸多不足之处,传销犯罪在部分地区仍很猖獗。因此,侦查人员必须掌握传销犯罪的特点,提高传销犯罪侦查的能力,同时还要做好协同作战、情报收集、内部侦查、调查取证、审讯、询问、追赃等具体工作。在有效打击的基础上,通过构建新型传销犯罪追偿制度,以及完善对传销成员教育遣返制度,来抑制和预防传销犯罪。     

Physical components of soft-tissue ballistic wounding and their involvement in the generation of blood backspatter*

Gunshot backspatter comprises biological material expelled backward through bullet entry holes. Crime scene investigators analyze backspatter patterns to infer wounding circumstances. An understanding of the mechanism of backspatter generation, and the relationship between spatter patterns and bullet and tissue characteristics, would enhance the predictive value of such analysis. We examined soft-tissue ballistic wounding responses to determine the underlying components and how these might be relevant to the generation of backspatter. We identified five mechanistic components to ballistic wounding (elastic, viscous, crushing, cutting, and thermal), each related to mechanical disciplines (respectively, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, fracture mechanics, rheology, and thermodynamics). We identified potential roles for these five components in backspatter formation and provide a scenario whereby a sequence of events incorporating these components could lead to backspatter generation and expulsion. This research provides a framework for the mathematical representation, and subsequent computational predictive modeling, of backspatter generation and pattern formation.     

Pontomedullary lacerations in falls from a height--a retrospective autopsy study

Brainstem pontomedullary laceration (PML) in falls from a height appears as isolated cases and usually in feet-first impacts with a ring fracture. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PML in falls from a height, as well as the frequency of concomitant head and neck injuries. Out of 261 cases, PML was present in 40. An impact to the chin, as well as a feet- or buttocks-first impact, most often led to PML owing to transmission of the impact force. Also, a lateral, frontal, or posterior head impact, with subsequent hinge fracture, as well as the frontoposterior hyperextension of the head associated with an upper spine fracture, could be possible mechanisms of PML in falls from a height. The jawbone and other facial bones act as shock absorbers, and their fracture diminishes energy transfer toward the skull and protects the brain and brainstem from injury.     

Counting the development costs of the conflict in North-Eastern Nigeria: the economic impact of the Boko Haram-led insurgency

Nigeria presents an important case for examining the interaction between economic emergence and (in)security on account of the Boko Haram-led insurgency. This paper interrogates long-standing theoretical assumptions about the economic consequences of violent conflict in such a complex space. It analyses the cost of North-East Nigeria’s conflict on development by considering its impact on the economy at the national and subnational levels. Generalised assumptions about the ways through which conflict affects development appear to hold in some regards but not in others. Evidence suggests some disruption in fiscal adjustments at the macro level, trade and investment as well as agricultural production and commerce within the North-East but less so with regard to economic growth and foreign direct investment flows at the national level. The paper finds evidence of a dichotomy in terms of the impact of the conflict on the national and subnational economy. There is a high degree of containment of the repercussions of the conflict at the subnational level. However, there remains a degree of interconnectedness across these strata that are influenced by both domestic and international political economy dynamics.     

试论政策评估的焦点及其标准

政策评估应该聚焦于什么内容与政策评估有哪些标准，这是政策评估中两个最为重要的问题。政策评估不是“数豆子的游戏”，它针对的是政策影响而非政策输出。政策评估关注的是政策结果带来的影响。政策评估标准基于多维理性，这些标准主要包括政策效益、政策效率、充分性、公平性、回应性和适当性。政策评估的公平性标准更是涉及个人福利最大化、保障最低福利、净福利最大化、再分配福利最大化的公平思路，阿罗悖论、阿马蒂亚·森选择模式、帕累托标准、卡尔多-希克斯标准、罗尔斯的差别原则等为政策评估的公平性标准提供了有益借鉴。     

Effects of High‐g Impact on Physical,Electrical, and Optical Characteristics of Light‐Emitting Diodes

Previously, one of the tools available in automotive or aircraft accident analysis was the examination of the indicator bulbs. Currently, indicator bulbs have been largely replaced by light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Here a series of studies was carried out on impact effects on LEDs to determine whether their properties change after impact, and whether it is related to its working status (lit or unlit). The LEDs were measured before mechanical shock with a series of tests, including current–voltage, current–light, bandwidth, subject to impact ranging from 450 g to 2000 g, and then retested. The tests showed consistent slight but statistically significant increases in forward voltages at a given current after impact, which could be used to estimate the impact. Some LEDS were imaged before and after impact with thermal and X‐ray imaging, but no mechanical changes were seen. It was not possible to determine the LED's working status from these test results.     

政党入宪及其对我国执政党内部治理的影响

中国的政党入宪始于1925年的《中华民国国民政府组织法》。中国共产党领导制定的历部宪法都间接或直接对政党的宪法地位、功能作用、组织活动原则等问题作了规定。政党入宪,对我国执政党内部治理的正面价值在于：它为执政党内部治理规范体系的建构提供了最权威的终极依据,有利于促进执政党内部治理的法治化;可能产生的负面影响是：有可能误导执政党内部对执政权和执政地位合法性的认识,从而有意无意忽视执政党的内部治理;有可能间接强化执政党内部的寡头统治趋向,进而影响执政党内部治理民主化目标的实现。     

The Charity Law: a Lever in Need of a Fulcrum

The Charity Law is a promotive law with the legislative intent to “develop charity cause”. It adopts the concept of “wide charity”, covering a broad area of philanthropy, including public fundraising, non-cash donation, charitable trust, information disclosure and transparency, and the promotion policies, which show the higher legislation level and high sense of involvement. However, without convergence with tax law, the essential concept of “charity” in The Charity Law may lack substantive legal connotation, pulling the promotive legislation intent into a vacancy or awkward situation called “chicken ribs”. To make The Charity Law enact as a promotion lever to charities, tax law revision is needed to clarify the tax-exemption implication for organizations, who in turn should improve their own cognition of public charity, and meanwhile, the legislative coordination inside the legislation system is necessary.