违反安全保障义务侵权行为的赔偿责任探析

公共场所、宾馆、学校等从事经营活动或其他社会活动的人,违反安全保障义务而给消费者或其他社会大众造成人身、财产损失的行为,是一种不作为侵权行为,经营者必须对此后果承担赔偿责任。经营者承担赔偿责任必须符合一般侵权行为民事责任的构成要件。承担责任的形式可能是直接责任,也可能是补充责任。     

公共产品供给对农民增收的负面效应及其防控

农村公共产品有效供给是促进农民增收的关键性要素,对农民增收会产生正面效应,是促进农民增收的有效途径。但公共产品供给对农民增收也会产生一些负面效应,这是我们在农村公共产品供给决策和推进时必须要理性认识和积极应对的重要问题。因此,只有既充分发挥正面效应,又积极预防与减控负面效应,才能最大可能地促进农民增收。     

网络文化对当代大学生的负面影响及其对策

每一种新兴事物对社会所产生的影响都是具有两面性的。特别是主宰着 2 1世纪的网络信息技术更是对社会造成深远的影响。作为网络信息技术所包含的网络文化对当代大学生产生了较大的负面影响。因此 ,高校思想工作者必须要消减这些负面影响 ,促进大学生健康发展。     

对提高政府行政行为的正价值途径的思考

政府行为是依法行使的一种国家行政权力行为,涉及到广大人民群众的根本利益,需要严格地按照规范的工作程序进行,特别是政府的重大行为、原则行为必须按照一定的程序进行,尤其是要按照法律规定的权限行事,在国家法律许可和保障的条件下运行,这样才能确保政府行为实现调控社会的管理职能。     

The counterfactual fallacy: Confusing what might have been with what ought to have been

The thesis of this article is that reactions to misfortunes are often biased by the counterfactual fallacy: the tendency to view events that can easily be imagined otherwise as events that ought not to have been. Drawing upon a diverse set of empirical findings we demonstrate that victims' and observers' reactions to misfortunes depend on the extent to which the event prompts them to generate counterfactual thoughts or images of more positive alternatives. We discuss the factors that determine the ease with which a negative event can be imagined otherwise, along with their relevance to a variety of justice-relevant responses, including perceptions of deservingness, recommendations for compensation, and blame assignment.     

侦查思维定势分析

思维定势广泛地存在于侦查思维活动之中,并影响和制约着侦查思维活动,在侦查中的作用很大。侦查思维定势有正面价值和负面性,因此要进行一些扬弃。     

The fear of reprisal and the failure of victims to report a personal crime

Most people who fail to report their victimizations to the police state either that the incident was not serious enough to warrant official attention or that nothing could be done. However, a small proportion of victims states that they did not report because of their fear of reprisal. Based on National Crime Panel victimization data, the offense and personal characteristics of these victims are contrasted with the total victim and nonreporting victim populations. Contrary to the general reasons for not reporting a crime, several personal and offense characteristics are related to reprisal. For instance, reprisal is more often a factor in personal victimizations where victims are female and acquainted with their offenders. The more dangerous the incident, the more often reprisal is the stated reason for not calling the police. The results of the analysis strongly suggest that in certain social environments the fear of reprisal is a major factor in the reporting of crime.     

Can electronic monitoring reduce crime for moderate to high-risk offenders?

Electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders has been in use for just over two decades and motives for using it remain diverse. Some agencies that use EM attempt to deliver humane and affordable sanctions while others seek to relieve jail crowding or to avoid the construction of new jails. Nonetheless, all EM programs aim to suppress the criminal behavior of offenders being monitored and its advocates have always hoped EM could be instrumental in reducing long-term recidivism. This review investigates the history of EM and the extent to which EM empirically affects criminal behavior in moderate to high-risk populations. All available recidivism studies that included at least one comparison group between the first impact study in 1986 and 2002 were considered for the review. Although variants such as GPS tracking and continuous testing for alcohol in perspiration have recently emerged, no studies of these technologies were found that met the review’s inclusion criteria. Studies are examined and combined for meta-analysis where appropriate. Given its continued and widespread use and the dearth of reliable information about its effects, the authors conclude that applications of EM as a tool for reducing crime are not supported by existing data. Properly controlled experiments would be required to draw stronger conclusions about the effects of EM.     

An investigation into the differentiating characteristics between car key burglars and regular burglars

Car key burglary has recently become the focus of empirical investigation as offenders, no longer able to steal vehicles without first obtaining their keys, resort to "burgling" target properties. Research surrounding the modus operandi of these offenses is beginning to emerge; however, little attention has been paid to investigating the characteristics of car key burglary offenders. Challenging the assumption that car key burglary offenses are perpetrated by regular burglars, this study aims to differentiate between offenders. Logistic regression analysis of 110 car key and 110 regular burglary offenders revealed that car key burglars are more likely to have previous vehicle theft convictions and are also more likely to be detected on information supplied to the police than regular burglars. Regular burglars are more likely to have previous shoplifting convictions. It was concluded that car key burglars are a distinct sample of offenders and the implications of these findings are discussed.     

Low Self‐Control and Contact with the Criminal Justice System in a Nationally Representative Sample of Males

Prior research on law enforcement and court system actions suggests that offender demeanor influences practitioner decision making. However, few studies have examined a key implication of this body of work—namely, criminogenic factors associated not only with offending but also with demeanor may result in a greater likelihood of contact with and formal processing by law enforcement and the courts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we test the hypothesis that low self‐control, which is associated with a range of characteristics that might influence practitioner perceptions of individual offenders’ demeanors, will predict greater contact and formal processing. Briefly, we found that low self‐control was consistently related to criminal justice system involvement as measured by police contacts, arrests, age at first police contact, and arrest onset. The implications of the findings for theory and research are discussed.