增加吉林省农民收入的调查与建议

在我国,农民收入问题不仅是事关全局的经济问题,也是重大的政治问题,更是建设社会主义新农村的难点问题。因此,只有不断提高农民收入,才能确保农业和农村经济的发展,从而促进整个国民经济持续、稳定、健康的增长。本文以吉林省长春、吉林、白山、松原四个地区部分市县为样本,在调查研究的基础上,结合吉林省农村经济社会发展的实际情况,提出了关于＂帮助农民加快农业结构调整,稳步提高农民农业收入＂的建议,以期对省委、省政府制定全省农村经济发展规划提供一定的决策参考。     

正确处理收入分配改革中的十大关系——基于经济和法律的思考

我国正在进行的收入分配体制改革至今未能取得更多的实质性进展,主要原因在于未能将适用于改革初期的非均衡发展战略及时地转向均衡发展战略,因此导致了在经济运行中的经济发展与分配公平、市场调节与国家干预、公权行使与私权保护、资本价值与劳动价值、藏富于民与藏富于国、强势集团与弱势群体、公共产品与私人产品、国有经济与民营经济、城市扩张与城镇发展、政策手段与法律手段十大关系的失衡。克服这种失衡要靠政策的力量,更要靠法律的力量。     

税收公平原则视角下的个人所得税法

个人所得税具有增加国家财政和调节收入分配的作用。然而,由于在税制模式、税率结构、费用扣除等方面的缺陷,导致我国现行个人所得税制的公平缺失严重。因此,要适应新的社会经济发展的需要,就要以税收公平原则对个人所得税法进行完善。具体路径：进一步明确征税对象的范围;完善所得税费用扣除的标准;采用综合所得税制模式。     

THE REPRODUCTION OF RACIAL INEQUALITY: HOW CRIME AFFECTS HOUSING TURNOVER*

This study examines the microlevel process of housing turnover between Blacks and Whites to assess whether crime plays an important role in the racial transition of neighborhoods. The study uses a unique, longitudinal version of the National Crime Survey in which each dwelling's close neighbors are identified. After controlling for household characteristics and the characteristics of their close neighbors, crime occurring in nearby areas is found to increase the chances of White-to-Black turnover while decreasing the chances of Black-to-White turnover. This change occurs even though the directly victimized houses do not necessarily have a probability of racial turnover different than that of other houses nearby. The findings suggest the presence of structural constraints that limit the housing opportunities for Blacks and constrain their choice of residence to comparatively unsafe neighborhoods. They also indicate that “White avoidance,” in which Whites systematically bypass high-crime neighborhoods, is important in maintaining the relationship between race and crime.     

The titularization of Latvian secondary schools: The historical legacy of Soviet policy implementation

Abstract

Few would deny that the Soviet occupation has had an effect on post-restoration policy making and implementation in Latvia. Indeed, many commentators of post-Soviet politics insist that we must come to terms with the Soviet to understand the post-Soviet. In our view, the effects of the Soviet legacy on the policy process are clearly apparent in post-restoration Latvia, specifically in the area of language education policy. This article argues that both Soviet and post-Soviet policy making and implementation can be characterized in three ways: duplicity, a Soviet ethos, and “professionalization”. In what follows, we first engage with the Soviet policy process in general and the 1958–59 education reforms specifically. Based on interviews with education professionals, teachers and parents, we then analyze Latvian education laws and their implementation in 2004, highlighting the legacy of Soviet governance.     

命不同价有异之我见——评我国死亡赔偿金及《侵权行为法》第17条的计算标准

我国现行的死亡赔偿金主要以城乡各自的平均收入水平为计算标准，虽与死亡受害人的预期纯收入并不对等。但也具有一定合理性。我国城乡之间命不同价的现实原因是城乡经济水平的差异，而非法律本身的逻辑缺陷。《侵权行为法》第17条同死同价的尺度设置比较合理，但建议对该条宽松适用，两人或两人以上即属“多人死亡”，赔偿金尽量按就高不就低的标准来计算。     

Infant and child mortality in Sudan： Case of central region

This paper uses households＇ data from central region of Sudan to examine factors that affect infant and child mortality. The education of mother and father, community variables and household income per adult are used. For this purpose, a household survey was conducted to collect data on the variables of interest from a random sample withdrawn from the study population. 600 questionnaires were distributed to households in one province of the region （out of five） where there are seven localities. The data has been analyzed using different statistical and econometric methods, including ordinary least squares method. The ordinary least squares found that child mortality is inversely associated with household income per adult, community variables and parental education. The effect of mother＇s education is more significant than father＇s education, mother＇s age is also found to be the most important factor that influences child mortality.     

金融危机后世界一流大学财政经费来源的结构变化及启示

本研究对USNEWS2013世界大学排行榜排名前30位的10所大学从2007年到2013年的财政经费收入结构进行了统计分析,结果发现学费以及政府投资在世界一流大学的财政经费中所占的比重不断下降,而社会捐赠收入以及销售与服务收入所占的比重持续上升。这启示我国一流大学要减少对学费以及政府投资的依赖,不断推进大学办学经费来源的多元化;重视大学销售与服务创收能力的提升;拓宽募捐渠道,提升大学的募捐效能;并在充分挖掘原有经费来源潜力的同时,不断创造新的经费增长点。而政府要持续加大对一流大学的投资,并为其募捐提供制度保障和政策激励。     

国有企业职工阶层分化研究--对一家国有企业职工阶层关系的调查和分析

本文在对一家大型国有企业的问卷调查和数据分析的基础上,分析了该企业不同层级职工的经济收入、社会地位、职工对职业稳定性评价等方面的差异.研究了该企业职工阶层分化的特点.提出在国有企业,职工阶层分化的过程已经基本完成.在新的阶层关系下认识工人阶级的地位和作用是我们面临的又一课题.     

个人所得税逃税、隐性就业及其治理

课征个人所得税会影响劳动力的供给。一般来说,累进所得税会减少劳动供给,使劳动者实际收入降低,因此个人所得税逃税现象相当普遍。低报所得以非法逃税面临高稽查率和罚款率,故转向地下经济活动通过隐性就业方式间接逃税是理性个人的必然选择。但是,这会给经济的正常运行带来巨大的负面影响。根据劳动者选择以隐性就业方式逃税的经济机理分析,提出相应的政策措施以治理所得税逃税和隐性就业。