西部地区减轻农民负担和增加农民收入研究

改革开放以来,农民负担主体逐步由集体转移到农户,使农民对负担的感受变得更为直接,农民负担重是全国现象,西部地区农民负担不平衡问题更为突出。制约西部地区农民增收的因素是多方面的。增加农民收入与减轻农民负担二者相互关联、相辅相成,减轻农民负担就是保护农民利益,也是增加农民收入,二者是一个问题的两个方面。在协调农民收入和农民负担关系时,关键是要找准二者的结合部。     

How Social Wealth Funds Could Help Tackle Inequality

This article examines the potential to tackle the roots of inequality by the introduction of one or more social wealth funds. Such funds would aim to capture some of the financial gains from the private ownership of capital—a principal driver of inequality—and use the proceeds for wider community benefit, such as investment in social infrastructure. In recent decades a number of countries have introduced a variant on such funds, mostly taking the form of state‐owned sovereign wealth funds resourced through the exploitation of oil, and used for a diversity of economic purposes. In contrast, the UK has failed to take the opportunity to create such funds by, for example, reinvesting the revenue from the sales of public assets. So would it be possible to build one or more such collectively owned funds in the UK, and if so, how should they be financed? As well as funding social investment and anti‐inequality programmes, could such a scheme also help finance a regular Citizen's Dividend payment or a Citizen's Income scheme?     

Housing Programs Fail to Deliver on Neighborhood Quality,Reexamined

This article revisits the relative performance of housing programs in terms of delivering on neighborhood quality. Newman and Schnare examined this issue in 1997, and this article updates their work more than a decade later. Both efforts examine the neighborhood characteristics surrounding assisted rental housing and assess the direction of assisted-housing policy. The analysis is performed by exploring census data at the tract level for the tenant-based Housing Choice Voucher program plus a set of project-based programs, including public housing, the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program, and other HUD multifamily programs. We conclude that Newman and Schnare remain correct that rental housing assistance does little to improve the quality of the recipients' neighborhoods relative to those of welfare households and can make things worse. However, things have improved. The Housing Choice Voucher and Low-Income Housing Tax Credit programs have grown in importance over the intervening years and have improved their performance by moving more households into low-poverty, less distressed areas. Importantly, these active programs for assisted housing are beginning to find ways to overcome the barriers preventing entry into the suburbs, although more needs to be done.     

Pension Programs Around the World: New Comparative Global Policy Data

Abstract

Income protection during old age is a universally recognized human right. Are nations fulfilling their responsibility for income support for older adults? Using a new global dataset on social protection conceptualized and built by two of the authors, this paper examines whether countries have legislated for national pension systems, and the characteristics and adequacy of those systems.     

对加强个人所得税征管的思考

我国个人所得税经过十几年的实施,在征管方面取得了较大成效,但个人所得税作为国家调节个人收入分配的主要手段,还未充分发挥出其作用,在个人所得税制、计征方法、税率、征收方式、费用扣除标准等方面存在许多问题。应当从个人所得税税制、征管手段、加强协税护税、制定一系列激励措施回报纳税人等方面给予改进。     

公共产品供给对农民增收的负面效应及其防控

农村公共产品有效供给是促进农民增收的关键性要素,对农民增收会产生正面效应,是促进农民增收的有效途径。但公共产品供给对农民增收也会产生一些负面效应,这是我们在农村公共产品供给决策和推进时必须要理性认识和积极应对的重要问题。因此,只有既充分发挥正面效应,又积极预防与减控负面效应,才能最大可能地促进农民增收。     

试论云南贫困山区农民增收面临的困境及对策

云南贫困山区农民增收面临着许多特殊的困难.必须从战略的高度予以重视,采取系统而有力的措施,促进云南贫困山区农民增收,加速小康社会进程.     

收入差距拉大的社会心理承受力剖析

收入差距拉大的社会现实，必然会引起人们不同的心理反映。人们对这一社会现实的社会心理承受能力是受多方面因素影响的，研究社会心理承受力的阈限，并提出建设性意见，有助于保持社会稳定，推进改革顺利进行。     

居民消费物价上涨对城市低收入人口生活的影响研究

我国居民消费价格从 2 0 0 3年 1月由负转正后 2 1个月上升 ,且主要由于粮食和副食品价格大幅度上涨所致 ,并已对城市低收入人口的生活产生十分不利的影响。本文分析了城市低收入人口的生活状况及物价上涨对其生活带来的不利影响 ,认为必须采取措施 ,对城市低收入人口实施物价补贴 ,以使其基本生活得到保障 ,并提出相应的政策建议     

公平的价值:政策工具的视角——以日本的所得税制为例

公平原则在税收政策制订与执行过程中具有很重要的工具性作用,日本的所得税制在采用公平原则方面很有参考价值。日本开征所得税为缓解政府的财政压力起到了重要作用,但其顺利实施却有赖于公平这一政策工具的推动。政府以公平作为征税理由之一,提高了政府征税的正当性,有效降低了征税阻力。