西方自由与权利的合法性来源与存在样态——从古典到现代的历史考察

西方自由与权利的合法性来源一般有两种：一种是外在于国家权力，国家权力只能认可而不能创制；一种是内在于国家权力，是由国家权力创制和授予的。西方自由与权利的存在样态一般也有两种，一种是身份、等级、特权式的自由与权利；一种是普及化的、为大多民众普遍拥有的基本自由与权利。西方很早就产生了合法性来源外在于国家的自由与权利的情况，但这种自由与权利多是一种身份、等级、特权式的自由和权利。近代英美两国自由与权利的现代化成功转型，源于将这种身份、等级、特权式的自由与权利向更广大的社会阶层普及和开放，使得这种自由与权利为社会更多民众所普遍共享，进而推动了保障这种基本自由与权利的宪政机制的发展；而近代法国自由与权利的现代化转型失败，源于没有将这种身份、等级、特权式的自由与权利向更广大的社会阶层普及和开放，自由与权利没有摆脱狭隘的特权性和身份性限制，没有为社会广大阶层所普遍共享，进而也就无法推动保障这种基本自由与权利的宪政机制的发展。     

我国中小企业融资困境及对策

我国中小企业由于自身的性质、特点,以及经济转轨过程中政策滞后、制度不完善、渠道不畅通等原因,面临资金短缺却又无处融资的困境.中小企业要摆脱这些融资困境,必须从宏观、微观两个层面双管齐下政府应积极改善中小企业的融资环境,拓宽融资渠道;企业应苦修内功,加强管理,增强企业竞争力.     

重建公平与效率相统一的分配制度

公平与效率的统一是指在竞争性市场经济中使收入分配达到社会普遍认可的状态,这也是我国收入分配体制改革成功与否的关键所在。在我国30年改革与发展的进程中,由于没有意识到效率不断提高的根本原因在于竞争性市场体系的建立,为追求效率我们长期将公平置于次要的位置,导致不同阶层在改革中获利的不一致,从而形成了改革的相对受益者和受损者,并造成收入分配差距不断扩大。2008年的国际金融危机为我国重建公平与效率相统一的收入分配制度提供了一个难得的契机,政府可以通过对利益受损者的补偿来完成对收入分配差距过大的调整。     

命不同价有异之我见——评我国死亡赔偿金及《侵权行为法》第17条的计算标准

我国现行的死亡赔偿金主要以城乡各自的平均收入水平为计算标准，虽与死亡受害人的预期纯收入并不对等。但也具有一定合理性。我国城乡之间命不同价的现实原因是城乡经济水平的差异，而非法律本身的逻辑缺陷。《侵权行为法》第17条同死同价的尺度设置比较合理，但建议对该条宽松适用，两人或两人以上即属“多人死亡”，赔偿金尽量按就高不就低的标准来计算。     

Infant and child mortality in Sudan： Case of central region

This paper uses households＇ data from central region of Sudan to examine factors that affect infant and child mortality. The education of mother and father, community variables and household income per adult are used. For this purpose, a household survey was conducted to collect data on the variables of interest from a random sample withdrawn from the study population. 600 questionnaires were distributed to households in one province of the region （out of five） where there are seven localities. The data has been analyzed using different statistical and econometric methods, including ordinary least squares method. The ordinary least squares found that child mortality is inversely associated with household income per adult, community variables and parental education. The effect of mother＇s education is more significant than father＇s education, mother＇s age is also found to be the most important factor that influences child mortality.     

金融危机后世界一流大学财政经费来源的结构变化及启示

本研究对USNEWS2013世界大学排行榜排名前30位的10所大学从2007年到2013年的财政经费收入结构进行了统计分析,结果发现学费以及政府投资在世界一流大学的财政经费中所占的比重不断下降,而社会捐赠收入以及销售与服务收入所占的比重持续上升。这启示我国一流大学要减少对学费以及政府投资的依赖,不断推进大学办学经费来源的多元化;重视大学销售与服务创收能力的提升;拓宽募捐渠道,提升大学的募捐效能;并在充分挖掘原有经费来源潜力的同时,不断创造新的经费增长点。而政府要持续加大对一流大学的投资,并为其募捐提供制度保障和政策激励。     

关于大陆法系研究的几个问题

自从日本学者穗积陈重提出＂法族＂以及瑞士学者霍尔、美国学者威格摩尔提出＂法系＂的概念以来,对世界上各个法系的研究就逐步展开,尤其是英美法系和伊斯兰法系的研究,更是一直受到学术界的关注,也推出了一批成果。与此相比,对大陆法系的研究,可能因语言等的问题,成果相对比较少,对一些最基础的问题,研究也显得比较单薄。随着我国精通欧洲语言的法学人才的数量不断增加,对大陆法系的研究,也将成为我国法学研究中的一个重要领域。     

The Effect of State Welfare Waivers on Family Earnings and Income Growth of AFDC Recipients, 1993-1995

SUMMARY

Many observers of welfare reform have argued that self-sufficiency on the part of welfare recipients is desirable. This would require, at least, that recipients' economic well-being not fall as a result of welfare reform. That question is addressed here by analyzing the impact of early state-level welfare waivers on the growth of earnings and income received by welfare recipients. Analysis of data from the Current Population Survey found that among welfare recipients (1) early work-related welfare reforms generally did not improve the growth in family earnings, and (2) waivers often had a small but negative effect on the growth of family income. Waivers were less detrimental for rural than for urban recipients. Since research has shown that rural employment and earnings generally lag behind urban areas, this is an interesting finding. It suggests that even though rural residents face greater barriers to employment, welfare reform has a smaller marginal effect on rural recipients.     

Digital Politics in Western Democracies: A Comparative Study

Satisfaction with democracy is driven by the two mechanisms that affect citizens’ income: the market and the state. When people consider that the levels of economic growth and redistribution are sufficient, they are more satisfied with the performance of democratic institutions. This relationship is moderated by personal income: since low-income citizens are more sensitive to changes in personal economic circumstances than high-income citizens, they give more weight to economic perceptions and opinions about redistribution. In this paper evidence is found of this conditional relationship in survey data from 16 established democracies. The results offer a rich characterisation of the state and market-based mechanisms that affect satisfaction with democracy.     

FLYING BLIND? EVIDENCE FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM AGENDAS,IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOMES IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES

Although considerable resources and attention have been allocated to recent ‘good governance’ public management reform in low income and fragile states, there is little evidence as to what degree this agenda has been implemented nor as to whether it has led to improved services and outcomes for populations. To address this lacuna, we conduct a review of the large but almost entirely qualitative literature on good governance reform in the 49 countries classed as low income by the United Nations. We find only a small number of documents that link good governance public sector reform agendas with implementation. Fewer still assess outcome. We conduct an empirical analysis of the relationship between reform agenda (using data from the literature review), implementation, service delivery and outcomes, as measured by performance on Millennium Development Goals indicators. We report that there is little, if any, empirical evidence that reform enhances service delivery. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.