刑法第二百八十六条之一的“信息网络安全管理义务”的内涵及其问题点

刑法第二百八十六条之一中的信息网络安全管理义务存在义务泛化、规定零散、类型化、差别化不足以及未体现利益平衡四个问题点。解决上述问题的核心在于对义务进行合理的配置。以比较法的视角对该问题进行探究,学习国外法律带来的启示,并结合国情对其进行批判性借鉴,可以得出配置该义务的合理路径:首先根据网络服务提供者所从事的功能性活动的特点和支配控制信息能力的大小将其划分为四类;然后将信息网络安全管理义务划分为五大类、十二层次;最后将不同类型与限度的义务逐一分配给四类网络服务提供者。     

网络中立帮助行为刑事处罚的边界新论--以帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪为视角

为遏制日益泛滥的网络犯罪,立法者增设了帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪,但采取的扩张刑事法网及独立评价的策略给理论界、实务界带来了新的挑战。立法者一方面降低客观不法、主观罪过以及意思联络的要求以扩张刑事法网,另一方面又采取独立评价的方式限制处罚范围,但独立评价本身又有扩张处罚范围的一面。显然,如何限制处罚的范围是当务之急,但仅靠笼统的情节严重难以完成此任务,需强有力的理论支撑并建立可操作的类型化规则。客观说难以解释危险增量产生的机制,因而只能求助于主观不法论。在主观不法论的基础上,可建立类型化规则如下:偏重非法利用的帮助行为结合明知的心态可以成立帮助犯,无须意思联络,也无须其他旁证证明行为人具有主观故意;易于滥用的帮助行为结合故意的心态可以成立帮助犯,无须意思联络,但须其他更有力的证据证明行为人具有帮助的故意;偶被非法使用的帮助结合故意的心态并要求具有意思联络才成立帮助犯。     

Editor’s Note

In the context of today’s big data and cloud computing, the global flow of data has become a powerful driver for international economic and investment growth. The EU and the U.S. have created two different paths for the legal regulation of the cross-border flow of personal data due to their respective historical traditions and realistic demands. The requirements for data protection have shown significant differences. The EU advocates localization of data and firmly restricts cross-border flow of personal data. The U.S. tends to protect personal data through industry self-regulation and government law enforcement. At the same time, these two paths also merge and supplement with each other. Based on this, China needs to learn from the legal regulatory paths of the EU and the US, respectively, to establish a legal idea that places equal emphasis on personal data protection and the development of the information industry. In terms of domestic law, the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China needs to be improved and supplemented by relevant supporting legislation to improve the operability of the law; the industry self-discipline guidelines should be established; and various types of cross-border data need to be classified and supervised. In terms of international law, it is necessary to participate in international cooperation based on the priority of data sovereignty and promote the signing of bilateral, multilateral agreements, and international treaties on the cross-border flow of personal data.     

法证披露模型:应当向法证专家披露什么和法证专家应当披露什么?

法律上的披露问题主要集中在检控方向辩护方提供或者隐瞒了哪些证据。在本文中,我们将披露的概念扩展到更广泛的情境下,在这种情境下,披露失误可能导致误判。我们引入了一个概念模型,即“法证信息披露”,它涉及哪些信息应该披露给法证检验人员,以及法证检验人员应当披露哪些信息。本文全面概述了四类利益相关者的动态交互:法证服务、调查、法律和外部利益相关者。我们通过五个问题讨论了法证信息披露模式的有效实施,即如果要向法证检验人员或者由法证检验人员提供最好的信息,以提高法证决策质素,并尽量减少偏差,则什么时候进行披露?披露什么?如何披露?向谁披露?为什么披露?     

The Role of Interface on the Impact Characteristics and Cranial Fracture Patterns Using the Immature Porcine Head Model

The role of impact interface characteristics on the biomechanics and patterns of cranial fracture has not been investigated in detail, and especially for the pediatric head. In this study, infant porcine skulls aged 2–19 days were dropped with an energy to cause fracturing onto four surfaces varying in stiffness from a rigid plate to one covered with plush carpeting. Results showed that heads dropped onto the rigid surface produced more extensive cranial fracturing than onto carpeted surfaces. Contact forces generated at fracture initiation and the overall maximum contact forces were generally lower for the rigid than carpeted impacts. While the degree of cranial fracturing from impacts onto the heavy carpeted surface was comparable to that of lower‐energy rigid surface impacts, there were fewer diastatic fractures. This suggests that characteristics of the cranial fracture patterns may be used to differentiate energy level from impact interface in pediatric forensic cases.     

三网融合下广播权与信息网络传播权的重构——兼析《著作权法(修改草案)》前两稿的相关规定

现行《著作权法》中的广播权与信息网络传播权已经存在规范漏洞,而以电信传输网、广播电视传输网、计算机互联网相互融通为代表的三网融合技术使问题进一步加剧,形成“一个传播终端、六类传播行为、三种法律定性”的复杂局面.其直接原因表现为传播技术的发展融合,但深层次分析可追溯到技术主义立法路径的弊端.《著作权法(修改草案)》1稿、2稿的“修补型”方案仍不足以应对三网融合带来的问题,因此应借鉴已有的成熟立法例,将广播权与信息网络传播权整合为一项“远程传播权”.     

土地法、动产法到信息法的社会历史变迁

人类社会的发展已经由农业社会、工业社会进入到信息社会。早期的人类在狩猎经济的方式下生存,没有私有财产,也没有所有权。农业社会的基础经济资源是土地,与之相适应,土地法成为最早的经济资源配置法则。工业社会的基础经济资源是机器,于是动产法取代了土地法的核心地位。信息是信息社会最重要的经济资源,信息法必将成为一个独立而完善的法律部门。     

政府信息公开立法的现实基础和模式选择

政府信息公开的程度,是衡量一个国家和地区社会发展与政治文明的重要标志。政府信息公开立法是政府信息公开的重要保证。我国颁布实施了《政府信息公开条例》,为政府信息公开及其立法奠定了坚实的基础。但在实践中,政府信息公开还存在一些问题,面临实际困难。国家立法规范政府信息公开是各国通例,由全国人大以及地方各级人大依法制定＂政府信息公开法＂势在必行。借鉴国外中央集中立法、行政程序法典和地方先行立法等立法,立足我国现实国情及现行立法体制,地方先行立法模式是相对适合我国政府信息公开立法的可行选择。     

The Right to a Healthy Environment,Human Rights andSustainable Development

The concept of sustainable development is presented as a solution able to cope with development needs and the preservation of the environment, protecting it for present and future generations. The right to a healthy environment may be part of existing international law being implemented through human rights instruments. The procedural aspect of the right to a healthy environment embodies the right to information, the right to participate and the right to effective remedies. Participation in the decision-making process and available and effective means of redress are essential features of the right to a healthy environment. Expressed in the field of human rights law, these principles convey the notions that citizens are entitle to participate. The Aarhus Convention links environmental protection and human rights norms and is the first international legally binding instrument elaborating on Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration and recognizing the right to a healthy environment.     

纸张信息在文件检验工作中的应用

纸张信息在文件检验工作中可用于对文件制成时间的判定,人为老化文件的识别,擦刮文件、消退文件、添改文件、拼补文件的识别,并可作为笔迹检验中同一认定的辅助工具。