司法意识形态:能动与克制的反思

能动司法在中国有多种意义,但其基本的含义是超于法律和职权进行司法活动。能动司法因与法治的基本要求不吻合因而不宜作为司法理念,只能作为法律方法层面灵活处理案件的姿态。能动司法不可避免,但对其不能放任,而应该约束。最近提出的能动司法得到了很多赞赏,接受程度很高,这是有历史原因的,当然也是值得警惕的。在依法治国建设社会主义法治国的进程中,能动司法会不会冲击这一方略是我们必须研究的。我国的法治建设刚刚起步,经不起能动司法的折腾。     

中国语境下的刑事证明责任理论

坚持和实践客观真实与法律真实相结合的中国特色诉讼真实观,离不开与其相适应的证明责任理论和制度的支持。在中国语境下,刑事证明责任包括公安司法机关的证明职责和控辩双方的举证责任。坚持法院承担证明职责,就要坚持法院拥有一定范围内的调查证据职权。举证责任包括推进责任和结果责任。在刑事诉讼中有必要在制度上明确结果责任的例外、辩护方承担一定的推进责任、非法证据排除规则中举证责任的分配。     

论董事对公司债权人负责的法理正当性——从法人组织体说的局限性及其超越之路径展开

董事为什么对公司的债权人承担民事责任是一项必须在法人本质论学说下进行学术探索的工作,而当下的法人组织体说无法为该论题提供正当性依据。在区分作为制度分析与建构支架的理论逻辑基础的法人本质与作为本体论意义上的法人本质这个前提下,董事对公司债权人负责的命题不能从其他法人本质论的学说获取立论根据,只能算作法律的特殊规定。为了阐明该特殊规定的法理正当性,有必要超越法人组织体说的局限性,探求法人本质论层面之外的论证根据。从经济分析的方法来看,该特殊规定表现了帕累托改进效应,其说服力因之得以增强,可作为董事对公司债权人负责的法理正当性来源。     

浅谈逮捕必要

"逮捕必要"是检察机关适用逮捕强制措施时必须考虑的法定条件之一,实践中对逮捕的"必要性条件"认识较为模糊。逮捕必要是客观存在,脱离证据而完全信任检察官个人对逮捕必要的判断,必然会导致逮捕权力的滥用。必须从证据角度来解释逮捕必要,并根据罪刑程度构建一个阶梯式的逮捕必要标准。     

逮捕制度之完善

逮捕是刑事强制措施中最为严厉的一种,它完全剥夺了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的人身自由,和基本人权密切相关。逮捕本身是保障刑事诉讼的有效手段,但不当的逮捕则会成为践踏人权的工具,因此逮捕制度的合理性尤为重要。我国的逮捕制度有其自身的特点,同时也存在一些亟待解决的问题,在有关制度设计方面尚有完善空间。     

唐代和亲政策述论

和亲政策最早始于汉代,是统治阶级的一种外交工具,是国家间在敌强我弱的特殊情况下采取的权宜之计,以有限的牺牲来换取整顿内政、休养生息、发展经济、积蓄力量的时间.到了唐朝,和亲政策进一步发展,成了广泛运用的安边政策,唐王朝与突厥、吐谷浑、吐蕃、奚、契丹、宁远、回纥、南诏8个族(国)共计和亲28次(其中有一次未获成功),为唐朝的稳定和繁荣起了较大的作用.     

The Disruptive and Transformative Potential of Hypertext in the Classroom: Implications for Active Learning

This article describes a further extension of a strategy to move from a teacher-oriented to a student-oriented learning environment through the use of 'collaborative hypertext.' Students were trained in the use of MidasWeb, a Web-based environment for the organization, storage, and retrieval of hypertext documents and images. Over the course of the term students worked in teams to construct their MidasWeb sites by developing the underlying conceptual frameworks for their subject areas and uploading documents. The results of questionnaire surveys of the students suggest that the MidasWeb exercise did achieve our objective of disrupting the traditional relationship between teacher and student to create a more student-centered environment. The more students became involved in the exercise the more they felt empowered with respect to the subject matter of the course and took responsibility for deriving meaning from the information they had obtained. In addition, the experience encouraged them to think about the subject matter across interdisciplinary lines. Because the MidasWeb exercise was structured as a group activity, the effectiveness of the team coordinators had an impact on the success of the teams as well as the nature of the learning experience of the individuals involved. Although the MidasWeb exercise was a successful application of digital technology to classroom learning, it was not a resounding success, because the impact on the students in the course was not uniform. While a substantial majority of them found MidasWeb to be very involving and moved toward student-centered learning, approximately one third of them, especially students who were uncomfortable with computer technology, did not benefit fully from the exercise. This suggests that in the future more time should be spent on training, and that MidasWeb needs to be made more user friendly for unsophisticated users.     

Stimulating Simulations: Making the European Union a Classroom Reality

This article examines the organization and development of the Mid-Atlantic European Union Simulation Consortium (MEUSC), with special emphasis on linking theory to practice within its simulation program. The MEUSC program, initiated in 1993, brings fifteen colleges and universities to Washington, D.C., each December for an intercollegiate experiential learning exercise on the European Union. During the simulation, students meet with professional diplomats from both the United States and Europe, and they engage in consensus-building activities that mirror the decision-making processes of the EU Commission, Parliament, Council of Ministers, and the European Council. As a result, participants are able to refine and enhance a range of academic and practical skills that are keys for success in today's political and business worlds. The authors of this article make special use of a survey that was undertaken to gauge the impact of the simulation on its participants and, thus, its success as an educational venture.     

论排除非法口供举证责任之分配

通过刑讯逼供、威胁、引诱、欺骗等非法方法所获得的口供是不能作为定案根据的,但是对于排除此类非法口供的举证责任应当如何来分配,立法没有作出规定,理论界也存有争议,这给司法实践带来了诸多问题;对各种观点进行评析,控辩双方应合理分担排除非法口供之举证责任.     

论和谐社会视野下我国的公民教育

公民教育是世界各国普遍进行的一项活动。在中国,公民教育的价值和意义也逐渐为人们所认识。在追求社会和谐成为社会共识、建设和谐社会上升为国家意志的情况下,公民教育愈发显示出其重要性。构建社会主义和谐社会,是一项艰巨复杂的社会系统工程,需要通过大力发展公民教育、提升公民的素质与能力来推进社会主义和谐社会的建设进程。