Patterns of Trauma Induced by Motorboat and Ferry Propellers as Illustrated by Three Known Cases from Rhode Island*

Abstract: Understanding patterns of trauma is important to determining cause and manner of death. A thorough evaluation of taphonomy, trauma, and bone fracture mechanisms is necessary to reconstruct the circumstances of the death. This study examines the skeletal trauma caused by boat propeller strikes in terms of wound characteristics and location based on three cases from Rhode Island. These case studies review the traumatic characteristics caused by propeller injuries and highlight the anatomic regions most likely to sustain skeletal trauma. With this information, investigators may be able to identify propeller trauma even in severely decomposed remains. The discussion of boat propeller trauma also raises issues regarding how forensic anthropologists and forensic pathologists classify trauma (specifically blunt force vs. sharp) and highlights semantic issues arising in trauma classification. The study also discusses why these propeller cases should be classified as blunt trauma rather than sharp or chop/hack trauma. Ultimately, the authors urge consistency and communication between pathologist and forensic anthropologists performing trauma analyses.     

大鼠脑外伤后脑组织MMP-9的表达与损伤时间相关性

目的观察大鼠脑外伤后脑组织MMP-9的表达规律,探讨其在损伤时间推断中的应用价值。方法健康SD大鼠75只,随机分为损伤组、假损伤组和正常对照组。损伤组采用自由落体方法建立脑损伤模型;致脑损伤后分10个时间点,采用HE染色观察损伤区的变化,采用免疫组化方法检测各时间点阳性细胞的种类和比值,并与假损伤组和对照组进行统计分析比较。结果免疫组化染色显示损伤组伤后1h可见中性粒细胞阳性着色,6h后可见神经细胞阳性染色并逐渐增强,伤后5d阳性细胞数达到峰值,而后开始减弱,14d基本消失。假损伤组和正常对照组未见阳性表达。将实验组中2h～7d阳性细胞比值与其它各时间点相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组各时间点与假损伤组和对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。统计分析结果见表1。结论损伤后MMP-9阳性表达的规律性,有望成为脑损伤时间判定的参考指标。     

试论我国社会法的基本范畴

社会法,是指调整国家和人民之间社会给付权利义务关系的法律规范的总称。社会法是在社会保障法的基础上发展起来,并超越了社会保障法的给付模式和给付水平。社会法在性质上属于公法,并且以社会给付为核心。我国社会法的体系宜分为“社会预防制度”、“社会扶助制度”、“社会促进制度”与“社会补偿制度”四大板块,这四大板块与社会给付程序法及社会救济法构成了一个有机的社会法体系。它们在维护社会安全、促进社会公正上发挥着相互衔接、互相补充的功能,并形成一张安全网,保障个人在遭受各种风险时的生存和发展机会。     

恢复性司法视野下赔偿与量刑关系的重构

"赔偿从轻"是普遍的司法实践,但其因仅仅关注经济赔偿、脱离刑事和解的大框架而被诟病为"花钱买刑"。以恢复性司法为视角,赔偿与量刑的关系需要重构。赔偿从轻原则应当尽量创造犯罪人与被害人面对面接触的机会、应当以犯罪人充分认识到自己行为的后果为前提、应当以修复犯罪人、被害人与社区之间破损的关系为内涵,司法机关同时应关注对被害人心理健康的修复。     

A fatal elephant attack

A rare case of an elephant attack is presented. A 44-year-old man working as an elephant keeper was attacked by a cow elephant when he tripped over a foot chain while the animal was being medically treated. The man fell down and was consequently repeatedly attacked with elephant tusks. The man sustained multiple stab injuries to both groin regions, a penetrating injury to the abdominal wall with traumatic prolapse of the loops of the small bowel, multiple defects of the mesentery, and incomplete laceration of the abdominal aorta with massive bleeding into the abdominal cavity. In addition to the penetrating injuries, the man sustained multiple rib fractures with contusion of both lungs and laceration of the right lobe of the liver, and comminuted fractures of the pelvic arch and left femoral body. The man died shortly after he had been received at the hospital. The cause of death was attributed to traumatic shock.     

刑事和解中的被害人及公共补偿制度

中国传统的刑法理论过于突出国家的主导地位,对被害人的地位和诉求重视不够,随着刑事和解在我国的兴起,刑事被害人受关注度的提高,必然使得被害人补偿成为关注热点。平衡理论,叙说理论和恢复正义理论是当今西方刑事和解理论中流行的三种学说,基于此文章主要对在我国建立刑事和解补偿机制这一问题提出自己的看法。     

论我国土地征收收益分配制度改革

自上世纪我国实行土地统征和有偿使用制度以来,土地征收收益分配制度的缺陷日益凸显,表现在:农民集体和农民未能分享土地征收过程中产生的发展性利益;土地征收补偿标准太低;土地收益分配集中于市、县人民政府。究其成因在于:没有解决动态土地权利的制度安排;土地征收补偿机制不能适应市场经济新体制;"土地财政"的利益驱动。破除上述缺陷的改革思路为:建立土地发展权制度;遵循市场规则,改革土地征收补偿方式;增加中央土地收益分配比例,理顺土地收益分配关系。     

刑事赔偿与错案责任追究之关系反正——兼议以错案责任追究为基础的刑事赔偿理念的缺陷

基于对修订前《国家赔偿法》第2条第一款规定的片面理解而形成的“以错案责任追究为基础的刑事赔偿理念”,不仅违背刑事诉讼基本规律,影响司法机关及其工作人员依法行使职权的积极性,而且不符合《国家赔偿法》的权利救济与保障的本质要求,妨碍了我国国家赔偿制度体系的进一步完善.为树立科学的刑事赔偿理念,使国家赔偿法发挥其应有功能,有必要从理论上澄清刑事赔偿与错案责任追究之间的理性关系.     

贵州省湿地生态补偿立法刍议

贵州省湿地总面积16447平方千米,占全省国土面积的9．34％,占中国湿地总面积的2.8％。在对贵州省湿地进行保护的过程中,我们不仅要认识到其生态功能,同时也要意识到其所承载的社会功能、经济功能。文章针对贵州省独特的生态状况、地理环境及人文色彩,对湿地生态补偿立法进行了探讨,提出了湿地生态补偿立法应遵循的原则,明确了补偿主体、补偿对象、补偿标准及补偿方式。     

略论劳动法中经济补偿

在劳动法律关系中 ,用人单位与劳动者解除劳动合同或劳动合同终止后 ,用人单位常常要依照法律规定 ,一次性支付给劳动者一定的经济补偿。关于这种经济补偿规定适用的前提是劳动合同的存在 ,并且劳动者无过错的情况下劳动合同解除或劳动合同终止 ,其常常以劳动者工作时的月工资收入为标准来计算。