意识形态变迁和改革路径选择

意识形态是非正式制度中决定个人观念转化为行为的道德和伦理的信仰体系 ,具有确认现行制度结构符合义理或凝聚某个团体的制度功能。作为一种人力资本 ,既有的意识形态并不会随正式制度的变迁而立即变迁 ,反而会不同程度地影响后发国家的改革路径选择及改革进程。意识形态能否实现与正式制度变迁的与时俱进 ,是改革成功与否的重要原因。     

民事制裁制度性缺陷评析

民事制裁是特殊时期的立法产物,也是法学理论不成熟的体现。这一制度表面上维护了法律的权威,但实际却与司法权的被动性、中立性相违背,以司法权威的丧失为代价。在民事制裁中,法院行使了行政权和个案中的立法权,违反分权制衡的法治原则。同时,民事制裁制度也不符合正当法律程序的要求,应在未来的民事立法中取消民事制裁。在被取消前,应以司法解释的方式限制民事制裁的适用。     

英国行业性组织在公司治理中的作用

英国公司治理研究致力于解决因所有权和控制权分离而产生的经典代理问题,理论界和实务界分别提出了两种机制:董事会内部监督机制和"要素市场"外部治理机制来约束监督管理层,降低代理成本。在机构化持股时代,机构投资者越来越积极参与所投资组合公司的治理事务,代表机构投资者的行业性组织在一般性参与方面起着举足轻重的作用,机构监督已成为英国公司治理的新机制。     

How much power do oppositions have? Comparing the opportunity structures of parliamentary oppositions in 21 democracies

A political system cannot be imagined without opposition. Despite this crucial position in politics, political science has largely neglected to study oppositions. Attempting to fill this gap, this article analyses the institutional opportunities of parliamentary oppositions. It offers a parsimonious framework by distinguishing two dimensions of opposition influence: some institutions enable oppositions to control governments, while others offer opportunities to present alternatives. A comparison of oppositions’ opportunities in 21 democracies shows that countries fall into four groups along these dimensions: in majoritarian democracies, weak control mechanisms are countered by excellent opportunities to publicise alternatives. Consociational democracies are characterised by strong control mechanisms, but provide only weak opportunities to present alternatives. Moreover, in Southern Europe, control mechanisms and opportunities to present alternatives are weak, while both are pronounced in Nordic Europe. The results are summarised in three indices that can easily be applied in future research examining oppositions and their power.     

政府诚信的新制度经济学分析

政府诚信指政府在履行职责的过程中,以诚实守信作为规范和约束自身行为的道德准则。既有的政府诚信研究主要基于行政伦理的分析,而通过外部性、交易费用、制度等新制度经济学的核心概念和理论对政府诚信以新的透视,有利于深化对政府诚信的认识,有利于提出矫治政府诚信缺失的对策。     

党的制度建设科学化与从严治党

制度建设科学化是从严治党的内在要求。针对中国共产党目前制度建设中存在的制度体系不衔接不配套、不具操作性、缺乏强有力的监控系统等方面的问题,落实从严治党的方针就要建立一套完整科学的制度体系,加强制度执行过程中的监督和控制并培养强化科学化的制度意识。     

Explaining differences in EMAS participation rates across Europe: the importance of institutions,incomplete information and path dependence

What factors shape environmental policies across Europe? In order to answer this question most economists would probably adopt a Public Choice approach. This approach has convincingly explained some aspects of environmental policies that exist in a similar fashion across Europe. But why do many environmental policies differ across European countries? This article argues that in order to understand differences in environmental policies in Europe North’s analysis of institutional change focusing on formal and informal institutions, incomplete information and path dependence is useful. North’s approach is applied to explain differences in a particular field of European environmental policy: The implementation of the EU’s Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) in Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. The starting point of the analysis is the observation that participation of companies in EMAS markedly differs between countries. It is shown that these differences can be explained with differences in formal and informal institutions in the three Member States, incomplete information of relevant actors, and path dependence.     

宽严相济刑事政策定位及实现的路径选择

在司法领域,政策只能通过法律形式体现,法官的活动只应服从法律,而宽严相济刑事政策具有行政政策的特征,因此这一政策应当是立法政策,不应直接作为具体政策指导司法实践。将宽严相济作为司法政策存在一些弊端,因其不具有执行的标准,且政策的灵活性容易造成为执行政策而执行政策,难以避免权力的干扰。由于政策主体同样存在利益,因此应当有制度的约束,宽严相济刑事政策的样态应当是制度和法律。制度创新的路径选择有自上而下的强制性变迁和自下而上诱致性变迁。宽严相济刑事政策是自上而下制定的,其实施更应注重自下而上的实践探索。     

Institutional change in the European Parliament: balancing legislative ethics and parliamentary independence

Research on legislative ethics has shown how scandals often trigger ethics reform; yet, the content of the reform often differs from that of the scandal. Why is this the case? And if scandals don't explain legislative ethics reform outcomes, then what does? If not this kind of external shock, then what factor(s) shape legislative reform outcomes? These questions provide the point of departure for a case study of the European Parliament's 2011 ethics reform. Drawing from the legislative ethics literature and from recent theories of institutional change, the article examines the impact of the scandal that initiated the reform, the interests and strategies of reform agents who wanted a quick reform process that would not undermine the EP's independence; and the institutional order in which those actors were embedded. It argues that an institutional logics perspective offers a convincing and comprehensive account of EP ethics reform, and suggests a new analytical framework that might be used by researchers in future research on legislative ethics.     

我国市场要素型破产法的立法目标及其制度构造

我国破产立法存在的最大问题是未能准确定位破产法在整个市场经济法律体系中的核心地位,工具主义思想严重。未来,破产法改革应以市场经济为导向,以商事法律理念为指导,以市场要素型破产法为改革目标,按照市场经济的内在要求,构建以市场为导向,以淘汰和拯济相结合,以破产重整为核心的现代破产制度。其具体内容包括适当扩大破产法的适用范围;区分不同类型的破产人,分别设计不同的破产法律制度;完善破产前置程序,引入简易重整制度。同时大力推进破产审判的专业化建设,从组织上、技术上、程序上保证破产审判的实际效果,设立专门的破产事务管理机构,充分发挥政府对破产审判的支持作用。