奸淫幼女构成犯罪应以明知为前提 --为一个司法解释辩护

在严格责任与罪过责任分立的基础上,奸淫幼女构成犯罪必须以明知为前提,这样才能在保护幼女和保护被告人的合法权益之间求得一种法治视野下的平衡.应当摈弃"应当知道"的传统提法,而把奸淫幼女的明知分为确切知道和推定知道两种.从最高法院关于奸淫幼女问题的司法解释出发,我国现行的刑事司法解释体制及其形式应该逐渐由抽象的司法解释过渡到个案性质的司法解释,再进一步过渡到判例制度.     

Cueing Confidence in Eyewitness Identifications: Influence of Biased Lineup Instructions and Pre-Identification Memory Feedback Under Varying Lineup Conditions

Students watched a theft video, attempted an identification from a thief-present or thief-absent lineup under unbiased or biased instructions, and rated identification confidence. In Experiment 1, the participants received (bogus) positive, negative, or no pre-identification feedback about a recall test. Biased instructions and positive feedback increased confidence and ratings of eyewitnessing conditions. In Experiment 2, biased instructions increased confidence unless the thief was absent and lineup members were similar, where they decreased confidence. According to the cue-belief model, biased instructions send a positive accuracy cue regarding the most familiar-looking lineup member. If none stands out, instructions conflict with an inclination to reject the lineup. Feedback may create a belief about memory quality that is a cue regarding likely recognition accuracy.

Error Rates,Likelihood Ratios,and Jury Evaluation of Forensic Evidence

Forensic examiners regularly testify in criminal cases, informing the jurors whether crime scene evidence likely came from a source. In this study, we examine the impact of providing jurors with testimony further qualified by error rates and likelihood ratios, for expert testimony concerning two forensic disciplines: commonly used fingerprint comparison evidence and a novel technique involving voice comparison. Our method involved surveying mock jurors in Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 897 laypeople) using written testimony and judicial instructions. Participants were more skeptical of voice analysis and generated fewer “guilty” decisions than for fingerprint analysis (B = 2.00, OR = 7.06, p = <0.000). We found that error rate information most strongly decreased “guilty” votes relative to no qualifying information for participants who heard fingerprint evidence (but not those that heard voice analysis evidence; B = −1.16, OR = 0.32, p = 0.007). We also found that error rates and conclusion types led to a greater decrease on “guilty” votes for fingerprint evidence than voice evidence (B = 1.44, OR = 4.23, p = 0.021). We conclude that these results suggest jurors adjust the weight placed on forensic evidence depending on their prior views about its reliability. Future research should develop testimony and judicial instructions that can better inform jurors of the strengths and limitations of forensic evidence.     

美国检察机关庭审阶段职权浅析

美国检察官在庭审阶段享有较为广泛的职权,涵盖出庭支持公诉权、挑选陪审员权、法庭辩论权及对陪审团指示的检察建议权等等.其中,检察官在庭审阶段的法庭辩论权,大体上又可分为开庭陈述权、展示证据权、交叉询问权与结案陈词权等等.此外,检察官在法官向陪审团作出指示前,亦可提出相应检察建议.     

Educating Jurors about Forensic Evidence: Using an Expert Witness and Judicial Instructions to Mitigate the Impact of Invalid Forensic Science Testimony

Invalid expert witness testimony that overstated the precision and accuracy of forensic science procedures has been highlighted as a common factor in many wrongful conviction cases. This study assessed the ability of an opposing expert witness and judicial instructions to mitigate the impact of invalid forensic science testimony. Participants (N = 155) acted as mock jurors in a sexual assault trial that contained both invalid forensic testimony regarding hair comparison evidence, and countering testimony from either a defense expert witness or judicial instructions. Results showed that the defense expert witness was successful in educating jurors regarding limitations in the initial expert's conclusions, leading to a greater number of not-guilty verdicts. The judicial instructions were shown to have no impact on verdict decisions. These findings suggest that providing opposing expert witnesses may be an effective safeguard against invalid forensic testimony in criminal trials.     

法人越权行为效力之确定

法人越权行为效力之不同确定 ,源于程序对法人本质和法人权利能力范围的不同认识 ,深入分析法人越权行为效力之不同确定原则的利与弊 ,从而扬利抑弊 ,对于正确把握正在加快进行的民商立法方向 ,引导经济体制建设和司法实践的发展 ,都有现实的指导意义     

我国法院在具体案件上适用法律的请示与批复的理性思考

请示与批复的存在有其背景条件及其现实作用,但却不具有合宪性基础。要解决该法律的悖论,必须改革我国的司法制度,使我国的法律构架统一、系统。     

和谐社会建设与青少年社会服务——香港深宵外展服务对我们的启示

香港深宵外展服务是香港青少年社会工作富有特色和成功实施的一项核心服务，也是一项被认为最富挑战性的青少年社会服务工作。这项工作要求社会工作者关注的是一批在行为上有服务需要的“夜青”（指深宵活动不回家的青少年）群体，目的主要是为了预防青少年因不良环境的影响，做出违背社会规范的事情。深宵外展服务是一个系统服务过程，由专业社会工作者外出至青少年夜间常到的地方（如歌舞厅、游戏厅、网吧、街头、公屋等公共场所）接触他们，认识他们，找出他们的需要并随时提供适当的服务，其工作手法主要有中心工作手法、户外工作手法和户内工作手法。     

劳动抗辩权初论

劳动抗辩权是指劳动者享有的在劳动关系运行过程中拒绝用人单位的劳动请求或劳动指示的权利，在性质上属自力救济权。我国对劳动指示权抗辩的直接法律规定主要在劳动保护法中，不过在劳动立法中却没有针对劳动请求权抗辩的规定，《合同法》可以提供此种法律依据。实践中，劳动抗辩权行使会遇到一些障碍，应有针对性地予以克服。劳动抗辩权是保护劳动者生命健康权的最佳方式，具有效率高且成本低的优势，其行使效果表现为暂停提供劳动，但一旦抗辩事由消失则劳动关系又恢复到正常状态。     

Are children less reliable at making visual identifications than adults? A review

The current paper reviews research that has investigated developmental differences in lineup identification. A wealth of studies have shown that children can be as accurate as adults when making a correct identification from a target present lineup (TP), however children are more inclined to choose and thereby make a false identification from a target absent (TA) lineup, as compared to adults. The literature reviewed, suggests that the disparity between children's and adult's performances on TA lineups is due to children being unable to resist the social demands to choose someone from a lineup and/or the need to give a positive response. Employing a silhouette within a lineup, that can be chosen if the target is not recognised, appears to be the most successful technique for reducing false identifications made by child witnesses. Including a silhouette as a part of a lineup, along with the lineup administrator being attired in casual clothing, rather than a uniform, are two simple measures that could make child witness identification evidence more reliable.