中美知识产权"刑事门槛"争端的法律问题

In April 2007, the United States filed an application with the DSB of WTO with respect to the issue of criminal law protection mechanism of intellectual property rights in China, which was the first dispute accepted by the DSB arising out of the issue of criminal law protection mechanism of intellectual property rights. The core of the dispute of the case is how to interpret the “commercial scale” under Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement as the “criminal threshold”. It can be seen from the practice of the interpretation of the DSB that while each WTO member is entitled to interpret the term “commercial scale”, the boundary of interpretation is subject to Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement. It is unnecessary for China to lower her “criminal threshold”, since China’s criminal law protection in intellectual property policy is in compliance with the TRIPS Agreement. In fact, the United States should change from lowering the criminal threshold to how to strengthen the criminal crackdown on piracy under the circumstance of lowering the price of genuine works when imposing pressure on China in the protection of intellectual property rights. He Xiaoyong, Ph.D, is presently a professor in the Faculty of International Law in the University of East China University of Political Science and Law. He studied as a visiting scholar at the University of San Francisco (2001). He was awarded a Chevening Scholarship in 2002 sponsored by British Council and Shanghai Outstanding Teacher Award in 2004. He has released more than 80 academic articles on WTO issues and international financial law, and his monographs include Legal Aspects on Supervision under Financial Globalization (2002), International Trade Dispute Settlement and China’s Perspective: Under the WTO framework (2006) and new issues under the WTO (2008).     

知识产权国际保护的困境及相关思考

目前,知识产权国际保护在价值理念、保护标准、保护范围等方面都忽视了大多数发展中国家的利益诉求。发达国家和发展中国家在有关知识产权国际保护议题上产生分歧的根本原因在于双方在国际知识产权问题上的利益失衡。我国要抓住实施《国家知识产权战略》的关键机遇期,实现我国的知识产权保护国际化。     

后TRIPs时代我国知识产权反垄断的立法价值选择

后TRIPs时代,我国知识产权保护水平已与世界先进国家标准接轨;但我国自主创新比例却相当低,知识产权已经成为国外知识产权权利人进人中国后封闭市场、排挤竞争对手的工具。一国的知识产权反垄断立法价值取向应当与其具体的国内外经济政治环境相适应,反映其“本土性”、“时代性”的特点。作为拥有知识霸权的发达国家,已放松了对知识产权反垄断的规制,持有利于知识产权人的立场;他们的立场与技术落后的发展中国家截然不同。我国在知识产权反垄断立法过程中,当务之急不是去寻求国外的立法技术移植;而是从战略高度确定知识产权反垄断的立法价值取向,即以社会公益为本位,强化反垄断规制。     

论夫妻一方婚后所得财产性知识产权的归属

我国现行婚姻法规定夫妻一方婚后所得财产性知识产权归取得方配偶单独享有,并不妥当。其理由有五。首先,在根本属性上,它与“工资、奖金”、“生产、经营的收益”之所有权一样,属法定夫妻财产制所规定的“财产”。其次,在取得来源上,它与上述财产的所有权一样,由夫妻共同劳动取得。再次,在对非取得方配偶劳动的补偿上,婚姻关系存续期间以共同所有“知识产权的收益”、离婚时以多分夫妻共同财产加以补偿不妥。再其次,在社会效果上,归夫妻共同所有不会损害取得方配偶的创造积极性、妨碍取得方配偶行使权利、妨碍财产性知识产权被许可他人使用或转让,且有利于维护非取得方配偶及其未成年子女的合法权益、维护婚姻关系的稳定。最后,在共同财产制各国的立法趋势上,它归夫妻共同享有。     

知识产权犯罪人与被害人互动关系实证研究——以137个典型知识产权刑案为样本

犯罪是加害与被害之间互动的产物,对知识产权犯罪的研究应当引入犯罪人与被害人互动关系。通过对真实知识产权刑案进行实证分析,从定性和定量的结合角度就知识产权犯罪的特征、规律等问题进行探索。知识产权犯罪有其固有的特殊性,知识产权犯罪人与被害人多为同行、雇佣等密切关系。知识产权权利人应增强防范意识,从内外两个方面保护其知识产权,使之免受侵害。     

知识产权的公权利和私权利属性

权利可以分为公权利和私权利。法律社会化的趋势在促使社会法这一法域出现的同时 ,还导致了公权利和私权利的渗透和融合及混合权利的产生。混合权利强调对个人利益、社会公共利益以及国家利益保护的平衡 ,其实质体现了国家公权力的干预。知识产权的运行本体和运行过程无不散发出这种新型的混合权利的特质。明确知识产权所具备的公权利和私权利的双重权利属性 ,对于知识产权法的定位和基本原则的确立具有重要意义。     

对如何管理现代企业知识型员工的思考

人是企业最重要的资源,员工的素质能否适应新的要求,关系到企业的竞争力。企业要想发展,必须拥有知识型员工。     

Jurors' Perceptions of Adolescent Sexual Assault Victims Who Have Intellectual Disabilities

Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities are especially likely to be sexually abused. Even so, their claims are not likely to be heard in court, possibly because people assume that jurors will not believe them. We tested this assumption in a mock-trial study in which 160 men and women watched videotaped excerpts from an actual trial. As predicted, when the 16-year-old sexual assault victim was portrayed as mildly mentally retarded instead of as having average intelligence, jurors were more likely to vote guilty and had more confidence in the defendant's guilt; considered the victim to be more credible and the defendant to be less credible as witnesses; and rated the victim as more honest, less capable of fabricating the sexual abuse accusation, and less likely to have fabricated the sexual abuse accusation. Men and women were affected similarly by the disability manipulation, but women were generally more pro-prosecution in their case judgments and perceptions than were men. Finally, jurors who had more liberal views toward persons with disabilities were more likely than other jurors to make pro-prosecution judgments on measures of guilt. Implications for psychological theory and the law are discussed.     

闭合性颅脑损伤后大鼠BAEP及脑损伤的动态变化

目的观察大鼠闭合性弥漫性颅脑损伤后脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的动态改变及脑组织病理学变化,探讨BAEP在颅脑损伤后评估听觉功能障碍的价值。方法使用自制弹簧式小型生物打击机打击大鼠颅顶部,制造闭合性弥漫性轻型颅脑损伤模型。观察对照组以及伤后15min和1,3,6,12h及1,2,4,7,10,14,21d等时间点大鼠脑组织病理学改变,干/湿法检测脑组织含水量。分别于伤前、伤后各时间点以50Hz刺激率记录大鼠BAEP,对其结果进行比较。结果损伤后15min,BAEP的Ⅰ～Ⅴ、Ⅲ～ⅤIPL即较损伤前延长(P<0.05),至6～12h,Ⅲ、ⅤPL较损伤前延长。损伤后1～2d,Ⅲ、ⅤPL和Ⅰ～Ⅲ、Ⅰ～Ⅴ、Ⅲ～ⅤIPL均较损伤前显著延长(P<0.001),14d后BAEP逐渐恢复正常。伤后15min脑组织含水量开始升高,伤后1d达高峰,持续至4d后逐渐下降,至10d后降至正常水平。结论BAEP可作为闭合性弥漫性轻型颅脑损伤后听觉功能障碍的客观评价指标。     

Production of Scientific Knowledge and Radical Uncertainty: The Limits of the Normative Approach in Innovation Economics

The aim of this article is to explain that, in the context of the production of scientific knowledge, it is logically impossible to define some institutional structures enabling the maximization of the social surplus.Our argumentation relies on the theory of Popper according to which it is impossible to anticipate the result of a given process of production of scientific knowledge. Consequently, we conclude that it is impossible to compare the respective efficiencies of alternative structures of production of scientific knowledge.The document consists in a critical review ofthe literature in economics of innovation and knowledge. JEL Classification: D8, L1, O3