审判独立的内涵与制度保障

审判独立最终归结为一条根本的内在的理由 :审判权是判断权。审判独立的内容既包括法院的独立也包括法官的独立。当前我国的审判体制存在诸多漏洞 ,为保证审判独立 ,我国亟需建立的两项制度是 :法官职务固定制、法官薪俸固定制。     

Contracts, Necessity and Ex Ante Optimality

In this paper I return to the issue of incentives to justify a narrowing of the applicability of a fair price rule to contracts of necessity. It is argued that such contracts should be viewed as part of a set of ex ante choices, one of which will minimize the costs of dealing with the risks associated with a period of temporary necessity. The Pareto optimality of a contract of necessity depends on whether the contract price would be seen by a potential victim of necessity as optimal ex ante, relative to her other choices with which to deal with the risk. It is shown that in the special case of a discrete choice set a fair price rule of law may not lead to efficient behavior on the part of both agents.     

防止国际避税的法律对策

跨国纳税人进行国际避税的主观原因是利益驱动,客观原因则主要是各国税制的差异。跨国纳税人进行国际避税的常用手段主要有纳税人的跨国移动、跨国联属企业转移定价和不合理分摊成本费用、在避税地设立基地公司以及资本弱化等。防止国际避税的法律对策主要包括限制纳税人的跨国移动、在跨国联属企业之间实行独立竞争原则、严格限制和监管基地公司、限制“债务与资产比率”及加强税收征管。     

古代法官责任制度初探

法官责任制度是中国古代刑事法律制度的核心内容,它经历几千年辗转相承的发展过程,形成了鲜明的特点,蕴藏了丰富的内涵。总结我国古代法官责任制度有助于了解古代法官责任制度的精髓,可以为健全我国刑事法律制度提供一定的制度参考。     

民俗习惯对法官思维方式的影响及裁判路径——以民事案件的基层法官为视角

民俗习惯经常影响法官的审判思维方式和语言思维方式。从法理上分析,民俗习惯与法律是具有宗源性关系的,法律是经由民俗演化而来的,法律只不过是民俗的制度化部分。因之,在裁决中以可接受性标准为裁判路径是可行的,即法官要在法律内论证它的可接受性和在法律外（法律与社会之间）论证它的可接受性。     

Parliamentary Sovereignty,Judges and the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants etc.) Bill

It is an aspect of the traditional view of Parliamentary sovereignty that the courts will not rule as invalid an Act of Parliament, or any part of an Act, which has been passed in the correct fashion. This view has been questioned by some, including some senior judges. They argue that certain limits on the legislative competence of Parliament are necessary to protect those fundamental values that are essential in a democracy. Many who argue for limits to the legislative competence of Parliament also suggest that the relationship between the different arms of the government is one based on mutual respect, restraint and co-operation. If Parliament legislates in such a way as to breach this mutuality, and in a way that will cause conflict between Parliament and the courts, then, it is suggested, the courts may reply in kind by holding that legislation, or part of it, invalid. It is argued here that in the recent quarrel between the Government and the courts over the ouster clause contained in the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Bill 2003, the Government was encouraged to undertake to amend the legislation as a result, at least in part, of intimations by senior judges that the clause could be overruled by the courts. This demonstrates, it is argued, that both sides believed this threat to have some force.Lecturer in Law, Department of Law and Criminology, Edge Hill College of Higher Education. Email: mcgarryj@edgehill.ac.uk. I am grateful to Kas Wachala and Maggi Eastwood for their comments on earlier drafts of this article. Any errors remain my own.     

刑讯逼供的历史回顾与现实反思

刑讯逼供在中国有着久远的历史。中国现代社会虽然已从法律上废除了刑讯逼供制度,但此现象并未绝迹。从刑讯逼供的历史与现实来看,目前要进一步采取具体措施完善法律和制度,如禁止限期破案、建立非法证据排除规则、借鉴中国古代“亲亲相隐”传统等。惟其如此,才能从根本上杜绝刑讯逼供的违法现象。     

良性司法伦理体系构建路径之探析——以法官伦理为视角

司法伦理是社会对法律人在法律适用过程中的行为具有应然意义上的规范和法律人内心价值追求的自在规范。构建良性的司法伦理体系对于实现法治、促进社会和谐发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。