案例指导制度下的法律推理及其规则

与制定法传统下的法律推理不同,案例指导制度下的法律推理由法律规则、指导性案例、案件事实以及判决结论四个要素构成。在这种思维模式中,由于对待决案件与指导性案例作出是否同案的判断以及如何形成同判是整个法律推理的论证重点,判定两者是否属于相同案件以及如何作出相同判决的方法自然成为这种法律推理的核心方法。案例指导制度下法律推理的规则主要包括：基本参照规则、实现同案同判的认识规则、断定同案的判断规则、形成同判的约束规则、回归规则以及指导性案例选编的编写规则。上述推理形式和推理规则的系统作用是案例指导制度下法律推理得以正确进行的基础和保障。     

判决公开制度的现状及对策

判决公开是我国一项重要诉讼制度和宪法原则,但这一原则在实践中未能充分实现其制度价值。因此,相关部门要尽快改善基层法院的硬件设施,设立国家判例数据库,完备案例的检索功能;判决书选择公开出版或网络公开。     

行政诉讼类型化研究——以漳州市行政审判为例

行政诉讼类型化理论和制度体系是推动我国行政法治进程的重要一环,然而我国现有法律对行政诉讼类型并未作明确的规定。从现实审判需要的角度出发,针对违反法定程序的撤销诉讼判决种类过于简单、客观诉讼和规范审查诉讼标准尚无体现、诉讼类型与判决种类尚未衔接等问题,可在借鉴域外经验的基础上,完善行政诉讼类型且主张法院只能针对特定的行政诉讼类型作出特定的判决种类,以构建我国行政诉讼类型化体系。     

“独狼”恐怖主义伦理根源分析

个体化,随意化是"独狼"恐怖主义的典型特征,"边缘人群"的价值迷失是"独狼"恐怖主义滋生土壤,基于工具理性的美式反恐战略失去了道德的正当性,平等、包容、宽容、共生是恐怖主义的解毒剂。     

国际法院诉讼案件判决的执行问题探析

国际法院判决的执行问题并非只是一个执行或不执行的简单二分法问题,而是一个介于两者之间、包含一系列政治决策的复杂问题。一方面,根据《联合国宪章》和国家的实践,当事国有遵守国际法院判决的义务;另一方面,出于自身利益的考虑,当事国往往以各种理由阻止对自己不利的判决的实际生效。由于目前国际上缺乏一个有效的执行机制,这一矛盾没能得到完满的解决。因此,在分析当事国遵守国际法院判决义务的基础上,对国际法院诉讼案件判决的执行实践和执行方式进行深入探讨有重要意义。     

医疗过失认定中的若干法律问题辨析

判断医疗过失必须考虑法律对医务注意义务的具体规定和该技术职称的任职条件的基本要求。（被）容许的危险理论认为对伴随一定危险性但对社会有益和必要的行为,法律应该容许该类行为产生的一定限度的危害结果不构成过失,该理论对认定医疗过失的借鉴价值表现为：其一,医学是在探索中发展的,在医学发展与绝对保证医疗安全难以两全的利益冲突下,全社会要理解医疗风险,不应使医疗方动辄得咎;其二,医疗方实施医疗活动要以良知与＂善良管理人＂的理性谨慎地进行医疗利益与医疗风险的权衡。     

Analyzing the Performance of Risk Assessment Instruments: A Response to Vrieze and Grove (2007)

In a recent article, Vrieze and Grove (Law Hum Behav, doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9092-x , 2007) argue that, because of low recidivism base rates and limited predictive accuracy, an actuarial risk assessment instrument (ARAI) may produce decisions about sex offenders that are worse than simply predicting that no one will commit another sex offense. This article examines: (1) the construction and potential overfitting of ARAIs; (2) the meaning, value, and limitations of ROC areas; and (3) the relationship between the operating point that maximizes an ARAI's correct classifications and the legal criterion-"likely to reoffend"-used for sex offender designations. Contrary to what Vrieze and Grove suggest, ARAIs of modest accuracy yield probabilistic information that is more relevant to legal decision-making than just "betting the base rate."     

Firearm examination: Examiner judgments and computer‐based comparisons

Forensic firearm examination provides the court of law with information about the source of fired cartridge cases. We assessed the validity of source decisions of a computer‐based method and of 73 firearm examiners who compared breechface and firing pin impressions of 48 comparison sets. We also compared the computer‐based method's comparison scores with the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments and assessed the validity of the latter. The true‐positive rate (sensitivity) and true‐negative rate (specificity) of the computer‐based method (for the comparison of both the breechface and firing pin impressions) were 94.4% and at least 91.7%, respectively. For the examiners, the true‐positive rate was at least 95.3% and the true‐negative rate was at least 86.2%. The validity of the source decisions improved when the evaluations of breechface and firing pin impressions were combined and for the examiners also when the perceived difficulty of the comparison decreased. The examiners were reluctant to provide source decisions for "difficult" comparisons even though their source decisions were mostly correct. The correlation between the computer‐based method's comparison scores and the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments was low for the same‐source comparisons to negligible for the different‐source comparisons. Combining the outcomes of computer‐based methods with the judgments of examiners could increase the validity of firearm examinations. The examiners' numerical degree‐of‐support judgments for their source decisions were not well‐calibrated and showed clear signs of overconfidence. We suggest studying the merits of performance feedback to calibrate these judgments.     

Egocentric Ethics

Ethical judgments are often egocentrically biased, such that moral reasoners tend to conclude that self-interested outcomes are not only desirable but morally justifiable. Although such egocentric ethics can arise from deliberate self-interested reasoning, we suggest that they may also arise through unconscious and automatic psychological mechanisms. People automatically interpret their perceptions egocentrically, automatically evaluate stimuli on a semantic differential as positive or negative, and base their moral judgments on affective reactions to stimuli. These three automatic and unconscious features of human judgment can help to explain not only why ethical judgments are egocentrically biased, but also why such subjective perceptions can appear objective and unbiased to moral reasoners themselves.     

"形式"论

艺术作品的形式是由“物”转化而来的 ,是以极为感性的形态而存在着的 ,这种形态总括、浓缩了艺术家对世界和人生的某个方面的总体感受、评价、认识 ,并使它们由内隐、抽象、难以言传而变得具体可感。它们也包含了读者既有的审美经验的作用 ,一种主观的投射 ,进行审美再创造的契机。提炼新的“形式”是艺术创造的关键