Common Variables Associated with the Development of Stockholm Syndrome: Some Case Examples

Stockholm Syndrome is a paradoxical psychological experience which both intrigues and often frustrates law enforcement and mental health professionals alike. Much attention has been directed toward understanding and defining the contextual variables associated with the development of Stockholm Syndrome. Since it appears that the formation of Stockholm Syndrome may increase the likelihood of hostage survival, discerning the factors that may encourage its occurrence is a priority for crisis negotiators. The purpose of this paper is to (1) analyze crisis situations using actual case examples in which evidence of Stockholm Syndrome has been reported and (2) examine the variables associated with the development of this phenomenon. Case information was obtained from the Hostage Barricade Database System (HOBAS) of the FBI's Crisis Negotiation Unit. Results of this analysis conclude that some, but not all, factors previously hypothesized as requisite to the development of Stockholm Syndrome find additional support from this case analysis.     

人质劫持事件的动机分析及谈判原则

人质劫持事件等国际恐怖活动和暴力活动的活跃与猖獗,必然会对我国的暴力犯罪产生巨大影响,对人质劫持事件发生的动机、特点及应对策略等问题进行研究,可以为从事谈判的警务人员提供更多的理论依据,有助于警方更有效地处理此类事件。     

对绑架罪中人质死亡情形的定罪量刑分析

在绑架罪中,只要行为人的行为与被绑架人死亡的结果之间具有因果关系就可认定为存在“致使被绑架人死亡”的情形;行为人杀害被绑架人的情形应为故意;绑架中“杀害被绑架人”的罪数形态应以结合犯的理论来解释;绑架杀人未遂的,仍然适用《刑法》二百九十三条的规定,但同时也适用刑法有关未遂犯的处罚规定。但绑架致人死亡适用绝对死刑的法定刑配置应予修正。     

Mutual and unilateral cooperation in arms race settings

Accounts of numerous historical and contemporary arms races suggest that cooperation, in the form of a slowdown, freeze, or reduction, is uncommon and difficult to achieve. Analytical and empirical results from the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game which, it is argued, closely resemble the structure and decision problems facing arms race participants, demonstrate that cooperation is unlikely but possible. In this analysis, the analytical conditions under which cooperation is individually “rational” (in an expected payoff sense) are discussed in detail. Then, the stumbling blocks to cooperation, even when individually rational, are discussed. No absolute solution is offered since none appears to exist. However, institutional, structural and mediating devices which can make cooperation more likely are suggested.     

Crisis (hostage) negotiators weigh in: the skills,behaviors, and qualities that characterize an expert crisis negotiator

This research identified what skills, behaviors, and qualities experienced crisis (hostage) negotiators believe enhance or harm their success during negotiation. 188 negotiators from various countries (primarily United States) voluntarily completed an online survey in which they listed the aforementioned characteristics and reported on various aspects of their own background and behaviors. Open-response questions were coded and quantitative methods revealed what qualities were listed most frequently by negotiators. Active listening, displays of empathy, effective communication, and remaining calm and collected appear at the top of their to-do lists. Conversely, being confrontational, arguing, yelling, and interrupting were reported as behaviors to be avoided. Most negotiators attend trainings multiple times a year and read on the topic of crisis negotiation. About half follow a model during negotiations, typically the FBI’s Behavioral Change Stairway Model. Findings are discussed with relevance to future research directions and improvement of negotiator trainings.     

广东省绑架犯罪案件特点及打击防控对策

当前,广东省绑架犯罪案件有逐渐蔓延、发展和上升的趋势,结合广东省所处的地理环境和实际情况,针对绑架犯罪的新特点,公安机关除了继承传统的侦查破案模式外,还应尽快建立切实可行、操作性强的具有广东地区特色的反绑架工作机制,并加强与电信、银行等相关部门的联系,不断拓展资源共享空间,加大打击和正面宣传的力度,震慑犯罪,努力减少引发绑架犯罪的诱因等,从而构建新的打击防控体系。     

浅议劫持人质案件中的谈判工作

在劫持人质案件中,人质谈判是一项重要的工作,作为指挥人员及参案民警应明确谈判的功用,做好人质谈判的准备工作,并掌握人质谈判的一般模式,注意在谈判中出现的问题,才能在以后进程中采取相应的对策。     

论绑架罪的目的

绑架罪作为目的犯,具有双重“目的”,不同的目的在刑法上具有不同的性质。其直接目的“将人劫走”是绑架罪的犯罪目的,而间接目的“勒索财物”或“作人质”则是绑架罪的犯罪动机。绑架罪的目的内容具有特定性,即必须是针对第三人,并勒索财物,要求程度上为“重大”。绑架罪的既遂要求绑架罪直接目的的实现,但不要求其间接目的的实现。     

论绑架犯罪心理缺陷

本文从绑架犯罪行为人的理想、需要、欲望、信念、心态、性格和意识等方面入手,对我国当前绑架犯罪行为人的心理缺陷问题进行了研究,力求促进绑架犯罪的预防、控制、侦讯、矫治等工作。     

略论认定绑架罪“情节较轻”的几个理论问题

当前绑架罪“情节较轻”的判断．主要集中在对其外延，即具体情形的探讨上，但对“情节较轻”的内涵。即一些基本理论同题则探讨不多。在理论上，绑架罪“情节较轻”属于规范性构成要件要素，需要司法者进行一定的价值评判。评判的基础是能够影响绑架罪罪质轻重的事实要素，评判的标准则是法益侵害的层次和程度。