老挝全方位外交政策与老中关系

随着冷战的结束、国际及地区形势的变化,老挝逐步摒弃＂一边倒＂的外交观念,于20世纪80年代中期确立了全方位外交方针和政策。经过20多年的实践,老挝全方位对外交往活跃,在深化与传统友好国家关系同时,与世界各国建立了广泛联系,老挝与中国的关系也获得了长足发展和较大突破,并成为老挝发展全方位务实外交关系中的重要关系。     

经济与安全“再平衡”下的美国对华政策调整

2008年金融危机加剧了美国自伊拉克和阿富汗战争以来所面临的内外挑战,重建美国力量和影响成为奥巴马政府的核心任务。为此,奥巴马政府提出进行经济"再平衡"和安全"再平衡"。他们认为,美国过去那种由消费信贷和赤字财政所刺激的繁荣是不可持续的,必须重新平衡储蓄、投资、借贷和出口的关系。在此,扩大对华出口与投资是其中一个重要手段。与此同时,美国一些高层人士认为,过去将反恐作为首要战略目标为中国在亚洲地区的扩张提供了机会。随着恐怖主义威胁的降低,美国必须重返亚洲,确保地区主导权。在中短期内,美国对华地缘政治"再平衡"必然会影响到其对华经济"再平衡"的方向;从长远来看,经济交往的深入发展将进一步缓解两国地缘政治关系的紧张。     

The public health implications of United Kingdom offender healthcare policy: a holistic approach to achieve individual and societal gains

In 2009, two seminal documents were published by the United Kingdom (UK) government concerning healthcare services for offenders. The Bradley review into diversion for people with mental health problems and learning disabilities emphasised a need to improve offender health, not least because of the high economic costs to society as a whole resulting from unresolved mental illness, physical ill-health and substance abuse problems commonly experienced by offenders. The Bradley review made wide-reaching recommendations for change, requiring strong partnership between health and justice agencies at both central government and local levels. A framework for the delivery of Bradley's recommendations has been set out in Improving health, supporting justice, the Department of Health's offender health strategy which sets out the direction of travel for the next 10 years.This paper discusses the reality of working toward improving health services for this marginalised group in the context of the influence of the current straitened financial climate on the allocation of resources to publically funded healthcare in the UK; it examines the historically based, and widely held, belief in the principle of “less eligibility” within our society, whereby there is much public and media resistance to allocating resources to improving care for offenders when other, more “deserving”, groups are perceived to be in continuing need.     

Why community compulsion became the solution - Reforming mental health law in Sweden

The aim of this article is to understand how compulsory community care (CCC) has become a solution in mental health policy in so many different legal and social contexts during the last 20 years. The recent introduction of CCC in Sweden is used as a case in point, which is then contrasted against the processes in Norway, England/Wales and New York State.In Sweden, the issue of CCC was initiated following high-profile acts of violence. Contrary to several other states, there was agreement about the (lack of) evidence about its effectiveness. Rather than focusing on dangerousness, the government proposal about CCC was framed within an ideology of integrating the disabled. The new legislation allowed for a broad range of measures to control patients at the same time as it was presented as a means to protect positive rights for patients. Compared to previous legislation in Sweden, the scope of social control has remained largely the same, although the rationale has changed — from medical treatment via community treatment and rehabilitation, to reducing the risk of violence, and then shifting back to rehabilitation in the community.The Swedish approach to CCC is similar to Norway, while New York and England/Wales have followed different routes. Differences in ideology, social control and rights orientations can be understood with reference to the general welfare and care regimes that characterize the four states.     

集体土地三级所有制度的应然法解读

集体土地三级所有制度是形成集体土地权利主体虚位的重要原因,不仅导致了集体土地权利主体地位不平等,同时还背离了土地所有制终极目标的基本要求。从应然法意义上讲,农民集体与农民集体经济组织应该属于等同的法律概念,其设立具有特别的宗旨、要件和方式要求,应该具有自己独特的法人地位。对历史与现实情况的深度审查表明,村内农民集体不仅不是农村土地所有权的当然主体,而且在当前我国社会经济条件下,作为集体土地的所有权主体,乡镇农民集体和村内农民集体都存在许多不合理的方面。村农民集体作为农村土地所有权主体应该是我国法律的唯一选择。     

Surveillance and identity management: Migrant perspectives on UK Biometric Residence Permits

The identity card for foreign nationals - now known as the Biometric Residence Permit (BRP) - was first introduced in November 2008. Following the May 2010 UK general election, the newly formed Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government announced that the scheme would not be extended to UK citizens. To date, over 300,000 BRPs have been issued to UK foreign nationals - a group of non-EEA migrants that include international students, visiting scholars and entrepreneurs. In this paper, we draw on findings from interviews conducted with policymakers, advocacy groups, Higher Education administrators and foreign nationals - between March and December 2010 - to highlight some policy issues arising from the continued roll-out of the BRPs to this migrant group. We conclude by arguing that, although interviewees raised few objections to the BRPs in principle, cardholders were concerned about being unfairly ‘targeted’ for additional surveillance and remained unclear about the true purpose of the BRP. We identify a number of areas for further policy development.     

论等级关系以及等级社会中的"官"

农业社会是一个等级社会,但是,这只是就其身份等级关系而言的。其实,农业社会的社会关系主要是由两大关系所构成的:其一是身份等级关系;其二是土地关系。在身份等级关系中,为官就是服役,所服的是一种特殊的官役;在土地关系中,却包含着逐利动机生成的要求,因而为官也就表现为对一种报酬的获取,这种报酬就是俸禄。中国农业社会由于出现了等级关系与土地关系的分化,所以也形成了一个与身份等级关系不同的官的等级系列;在欧洲历史上,由于没有真正实现这种等级关系与土地关系的分化,所以欧洲直到资产阶级革命前一直是身份等级占主导地位。当然,土地关系仅仅是一种经济关系,而身份等级关系则是一种政治关系,在所有的等级社会中,土地关系都是被纳入到身份等级关系的控制之下的。     

宅基地使用权流转模式的选择

宅基地使用权禁止流转制度无疑成了宅基地发挥其土地价值的巨大障碍,实践中已形成错综复杂的宅基地使用权的＂隐形市场＂,这严重影响了社会的稳定。通过房地分离和设立法定租赁权,建立与此相适应的宅基地有期限、有偿使用制度及完善的农村宅基地使用权登记制度等配套措施,以较少的成本解决宅基地使用权的流转,是较为合理的方案。     

吉林省统筹城乡发展的难点与对策

本文以吉林省正在实施的＂三化＂统筹战略为视角,提出城乡一体化进程中面临的难点主要集中在：人往哪里去、钱从哪里来、土地问题怎样解决三个方面。笔者认为,应通过加大对农村经济发展的财政支持,统筹城乡产业布局,开展农民职业技能教育,构建农村劳动力向城镇转移的制度体系和规范土地流转等措施,推动吉林省统筹城乡发展,实现城乡一体化。     

城乡统筹条件下农村集体建设用地使用权的法律问题研究

农村建设用地使用权属于用益物权.国有土地建设用地使用权可以自由进行市场交易,而农村建设用地使用权则受到较为严格的法律制约.土地确权登记应定位于确认证据事实等民事法律行为的具体行政行为.农村集体建设用地的取得包括原始取得和继受取得.因农村集体建设用地使用权所获得的收益,国家可比照国有建设用地使用权流转征收相关税费,直接按照一定比例提取收益似显不妥.要加强土地规划的执行力度,土地规划的实施要着眼于基层.严格进行土地用途管制,以用途引导用地.