集体土地所有权的三重功能属性——基于罗马氏族与我国农村集体土地的比较分析

我国的农村集体土地所有权与罗马氏族集体土地制度相似,糅合了公法层面的治理功能、生存保障功能以及私法层面的市场化私权功能,对集体土地上承载的这三重功能进行区分,是解决现今农村土地问题的理论前提。集体土地最初作为国家控制农村社会经济的一种政治性安排的法律治理结构,强化了农民与集体基于土地的身份关系,把保障集体内部成员的生存作为首要价值目标,并强调土地利用的平等性。集体所有模式还导致了"成员权"与"公民权"这双重身份的重叠与抵牾,这实质上反映了集体土地上保障功能与市场机能的冲突。随着农村治理结构的转变,集体土地所有权逐渐转变为具备实体权利义务关系的私权规范,立法上应对集体土地的"初始分配"与"自由流转"两个阶段进行适当区分和切割,而非将两种截然不同的价值理念同时混同在一套农地制度之中。     

Who will make the ‘best’ use of Africa’s land? Lessons from Zimbabwe

Conflict over African land – between smallholders and large industrial farmers and between domestic farmers and global agribusinesses – raises key questions about who will make the best use of African land and which farmers do most to decrease poverty and produce more food, industrial inputs and exports. Zimbabwe has already gone through two major changes in land occupation, and thus provides an important test of what is the ‘best’ use of the land. Three measures of ‘best’ use have been cited in Zimbabwe: reward for military victory, poverty reduction and agricultural production. Initial evidence indicates that commercial smallholder production is a better use of the land than larger, more mechanised farming.     

中国企业家犯罪的文化进路———历史性抑商情结的现实展开简

受贿罪在国有企业家中位居首位,依次是贪污罪和挪用公款罪,而触犯非法吸收公众存款罪和非法集资罪的全部是民营企业家,滋生出来的“官本位”是最重要的价值取向。这种现状与传统的抑商情结有密切的联系,具有历史的巧合与现实的必然。抑商是为统治秩序和权力服务的,抑商情结可以解释当前中国社会价值紊乱的历史原因,国企民企的多种犯罪的实质是与制度性缺陷有密切的联系。     

回归与缺憾并存——评《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》

国务院颁布实施的《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》(以下简称新条例)使人权首要价值地位、强制执行权行使的主体、暴力拆迁的法律责任得以回归,并确立了公共利益的范围,使用了科学性的确定法定范围方式。但新条例就私有财产征收和强制执行权的规定有悖于法律保留原则,有必要通过制定房屋征收与补偿法来补救这一缺憾。     

Second-Generation Policy Priorities for Colonias and Informal Settlements in Texas

Along the Texas border with Mexico, more than 400,000 people live in over 2,000 informal self-help settlements known as colonias. These exceedingly low-income, largely Latino settlements have historically suffered from severe health risks, poor infrastructure and housing conditions, and physical and social isolation. Researchers and policymakers have focused extensively on what I call “first-generation policy priorities.” This has primarily entailed efforts to regularize title and infrastructure, support self-help home improvement for colonia homeowners, and prevent the growth of new informal settlements along the border region. I provide a comprehensive review of existing research on colonias to document the myriad ways in which housing and infrastructure conditions and titling practices have changed since these settlements first proliferated throughout the border region in the second half of the 20th century. These changes necessitate a rethinking of the policy priorities for colonias and informal settlements throughout the state. In particular, I argue that colonias must be recast to recognize the significant improvements that have taken place but also the long-term and sometimes severe problems that persist. These “second-generation policy priorities” include the development of sustainable forms of governance, regulation, and finance to address ongoing infrastructure investment needs in colonias; supporting access to and upkeep of safe and affordable renter- and owner-occupied housing through both self-help and contractor-led projects; ensuring long-term title clarity; and promoting community organizing in new and aging settlements.     

What is a Chief without Land? Impact of Land Reforms on Power Structures in Namibia

Abstract

Land is a key element to socio-economic development, peace- and state-building in Africa. It is inherent to local identity and inextricably linked to power. In Namibia, land rights were historically administered and allocated by traditional authorities. However, with the adoption of the 2002 Communal Land Reform Act, these customary land rights were codified. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted in Namibia with state officials, traditional authorities of the Nama and Ovambo ethnicity, workers and farmers, we show that although it was presented as a decentralization reform, the Act reintroduced the Namibian state as a central actor in land tenure. This has resulted in power struggles between the state and traditional authorities, albeit to varying intensities as some traditional authorities have historically restricted access to communal land and limited political leverage.     

集体建设用地向宅基地的地性转换

法律要求和实践需求提出了宅基地和集体建设用地之间地性转换的改革命题。集体建设用地向宅基地的地性转换,是突破制度制约和摆脱观念羁绊的改革举措,具有重要的政策价值和实践意义。地性转换有其伦理基础和历史基础,集体建设用地和宅基地的规范构造亦为地性转换奠定了制度基础。从实践发展来看,地性转换具有间接性、模糊性和非正式性的特点,可以划分为自发自为阶段、严格管制阶段、“三块地”改革阶段和新一轮改革阶段,其中蕴含了值得挖掘利用的制度资源,可以为未来发展提供启发和参考。地性转换应坚持底线思维,坚持以人为本,坚持节约集约利用集体建设用地,尊重基层实践,突出分类施策,注重改革协同。我们可以从地.性转换的决定主体、内容和程序等方面明晰其制度要点,为实现农民户有所居的改革目标提供理论方案。     

关于重庆转户政策的“张德元假说”及其他

＂张德元假说＂揭示了中国农村土地制度的不合理性,以及在现行制度下重庆转户政策可能带来的弊端。建议进行农村土地制度改革,以农地国有永佃制替代现行的农地集体所有制。     

论对公安执勤查获不明财产的定性处理

中缅边境某边防派出所警务区民警在巡逻执勤途中查获性质不明人民币现金20万元。对该起特殊事件展开法理分析,有4种处理意见,从依法办事、合法合理的角度出发,在现有法律框架内作出最佳处理,则应由法院以认定无主财物处理最为妥当。     

东固革命根据地对绿林武装的改造及其历史意义

会匪问题是旧中国一个比较突出的社会现象,中国共产党在领导中国革命过程中,很早就注意到中国的会匪势力,并制定各种政策争取改造他们来为革命事业服务。其中,东固革命根据地对＂三点会＂绿林武装的争取改造是一个成功的典范。这种争取改造不仅为东固革命根据地的创建发展增强了武装力量,而且丰富和发展了马克思主义关于工农联盟的统战思想,更使我党领导的土地革命获得了农村最底层群众的拥护和支持,具有深远的历史意义和重要的经验启迪。