代议制、公共财政、宪政内在关系检视——以近代英国公共财政建构为线索

以近代英国公共财政建构为线索,检视近代英国的社会制度发展变革,可以发现:代议制、公共财政、宪政三者之间存在内在关联。公共财政建构是近代英国市场经济发展的产物和必然需要,而代议制是公共财政建构的制度选择和组织形式;近代英国市民社会与政治国家良性互动的宪政机理及其制度框架,也蕴于公共财政及其组织形式———代议制之中。     

股权出资问题研究

《公司法修改草案》将股权纳入出资形式当中,这一做法是值得商榷的。在公司法上,可以作为出资标的物应当符合两项标准:具有确定的价值和可以自由转让。股权作为一项综合性的权利,在不同的公司类型中体现出不同的特征。只有上市公司的流通股和非上市公司的社会公众股能够作为出资标的,而有限责任公司和发起设立的股份有限公司的股权则不宜作为出资标的。并且,《公司法》在承认部分股权可以作为出资的同时,也应当增设相应的救济措施,以弥补股权出资所可能带来的负面影响。     

论我国证券民事诉讼制度

20 0 3年 2月 1日 ,《最高人民法院关于审理证券市场因虚假陈述引发的民事赔偿案件的若干规定》实施。该司法解释是我国证券民事责任立法中关于虚假陈述责任第一个较系统的规定 ,并将对我国的证券民事诉讼有重大影响。在该司法解释实施之际 ,本文就我国证券民事诉讼的起诉条件、诉讼时效、管辖、诉讼方式来论述我国的证券民事诉讼制度。     

论被刑事羁押者的会见交流权

被刑事羁押者的会见交流权具有人身自由权与诉讼权的双重性,必须由刑事法律加以确认和保障。会见交流权包括与律师之间的会见交流和与家属、其他人员之间的会见交流。作为刑事司法国际准则的调整重点,被羁押的少年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的会见交流权也应得到国内法的关注。对会见交流权的合理的限制是必要的,但必须遵守一定的条件并以例外为原则。我国刑事司法中犯罪嫌疑人、被告人会见权的确认与保障只能在刑事诉讼理念和刑事司法制度的整体重构中得到个别化的实现。     

能力建设：应当重视的一个新的时代性课题

1978年以来,中国的社会图景发生了整体性的转变,这种转变把“能力建设及其对当代中国发展的意义”这一新的时代课题推到了前台。这就要求我们必须专门、全面和深入地研究能力、能力建设、能力建设的目标与方式、能力建设对当代中国发展的重大意义等问题,以及创立能力建设理论,并以这一理论为指导,围绕能力建设,从规律性上探索当代中国的发展理念、发展思路、发展途径、发展空间、发展力量、发展机遇和发展经验。     

中国人治传统的学理批判

建立在自然经济、小生产和宗法关系基础上的传统学术是伦理政治型的学术,教育是伦理政治型的教育。它们崇尚求善而忽视求真,专注于人事而漠视自然;重文轻理,重实用技术轻科学探索;醉心于政治哲学和社会理想的研究,而疏于国家体制、制度的构建和法理的调控;厚古而薄今;学术成为政治的工具和附庸。这就使得传统学术及其政治理论缺乏严格而深厚的科学底蕴,民主法治理念和自由平等意识难以生长,人治的思想、体制和政治运作方式便成为社会常态。     

第12胸椎三维重建图像性别判定研究

目的考察计算机断层扫描(CT)技术测量中国汉族第12胸椎判定性别的效果,探索CT技术在法医人类学人体骨骼测量研究中应用的可行性。方法确定11项径线指标测量第12胸椎多层面重组(MPR)三维重建图像,剔除不稳定指标后计算四项比值指标,统计各项指标的数据考察CT测量第12胸椎判定性别的效果。结果剔除两次测量结果不稳定的三项指标后的12项指标性别差异显著,建立了7个性别判定方程,综合判别率在80.0%~91.6%,仅含椎体指标的方程性别判别率最高达91.6%。结论中国汉族人第12胸椎形态学测量指标具有性别差异,CT技术可以准确测量骨骼,对法医人类学人体骨骼测量研究具有应用价值。     

我国刑事非法证据排除规则司法实践实证研究-以W市刑事审判实务为视角

在我国立法层面逐步建立非法证据排除制度的背景下,非法证据排除制度能否发挥预期的效果仍取决于在司法实务中的贯彻落实情况。通过分析W市法院近三年启动非法证据排除程序的实际情况,我们发现实务中仍存在对非法证据的范围认识不统一、刑讯逼供、疲劳审讯等非法方法的界定不明确、重复自白是否可采具有争议、程序性情况说明尚普遍存在等问题。在司法实务中正确贯彻落实非法证据排除规则,实现对非法取证行为的一般预防功能,首先需要转变重实体轻程序的传统观念,树立实体正义与程序正义并重的新观念,同时要着眼于我国刑事诉讼的现状,避免非法证据排除泛化。在具体操作上,要严格落实证明责任倒置原则,对控辩双方在非法证据排除程序中实行不同层次的证明标准,辩方提供的线索或材料只需达到“存在非法取证的可能性”这样较低程度的证明标准即可,控方的举证则需达到“排除合理怀疑”这样较高程度的证明标准。对于有辩护人的案件,尽量保证在庭前会议中最大可能地解决非法证据排除问题,避免不具备准入资格的非法证据进入庭审,在法官主持下,控辩双方在庭前会议中达成的协议应当具有约束力。     

A Social Movement Theory Typology of Militant Organisations: Contextualising Terrorism

Typologies are ubiquitous in terrorism studies, illustrating their continued appeal as a tool to further our understanding of this form of political violence. Despite this, to date, the promise of an empirically derived typology has largely been neglected. In addressing this gap, this article sets out a typology developed from Social Movement Theory. Using a novel statistical technique to derive a three-dimensional framework for categorising militant groups, the typology incorporates both organisational characteristics and the wider political context. The result is a typology defined by three conceptual constructs: political capacity, war-making capacity, and network capacity. Alongside these organisational features, imposing measures of the wider political opportunity structure reveals eight types of militant organisation. To explore the utility of the framework, a preliminary analysis interprets the typology in light of the presence of wider conflict. That a robust relationship is found between the various types and whether groups were operating in peacetime, civil war, or low-intensity conflict, goes some way to demonstrating its utility as an analytical tool. Conclusions draw attention to the importance of contextualising militant groups in their socio-political setting, and the benefits of combining theory alongside empirical analysis to develop robust characterisations of violent organisations.     

A meta-analytic review of the frequency and patterning of laryngohyoid and cervical fractures in cases of suicide by hanging

The frequency and distribution of fractures are commonly utilized to assist in interpreting the manner of death. In cases of alleged suicide by hanging, however, the evidence base for the frequency and patterning of laryngohyoid and cervical vertebrae fractures resulting from such blunt force traumatic events is limited and so fractures cannot be reliably used to assist in interpreting the manner. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study aimed to estimate frequency and distribution of fractures in the context of relevant intrinsic and extrinsic variables. A systematic review of the literature identified 20 studies with relevant data (8523 cases of suicide by hanging). Meta-analyses identified the frequency and distribution of fractures present and how fracture frequency was affected by the subgroups of age, sex, completeness of suspension, ligature knot position and study design. Results indicated that fracture frequency was variable, there was no unique patterning, and high levels of heterogeneity were present in all variable sub-groups. Age was the only subgroup to show differences. Findings suggest that neck fracture frequency is inconsistent and cannot be predicted by the chosen variables. Subsequently, neck fractures in isolation should not be given weight in medico-legal interpretations of a hanging death as suicidal.