我国刑事非法证据排除规则司法实践实证研究-以W市刑事审判实务为视角

在我国立法层面逐步建立非法证据排除制度的背景下,非法证据排除制度能否发挥预期的效果仍取决于在司法实务中的贯彻落实情况。通过分析W市法院近三年启动非法证据排除程序的实际情况,我们发现实务中仍存在对非法证据的范围认识不统一、刑讯逼供、疲劳审讯等非法方法的界定不明确、重复自白是否可采具有争议、程序性情况说明尚普遍存在等问题。在司法实务中正确贯彻落实非法证据排除规则,实现对非法取证行为的一般预防功能,首先需要转变重实体轻程序的传统观念,树立实体正义与程序正义并重的新观念,同时要着眼于我国刑事诉讼的现状,避免非法证据排除泛化。在具体操作上,要严格落实证明责任倒置原则,对控辩双方在非法证据排除程序中实行不同层次的证明标准,辩方提供的线索或材料只需达到“存在非法取证的可能性”这样较低程度的证明标准即可,控方的举证则需达到“排除合理怀疑”这样较高程度的证明标准。对于有辩护人的案件,尽量保证在庭前会议中最大可能地解决非法证据排除问题,避免不具备准入资格的非法证据进入庭审,在法官主持下,控辩双方在庭前会议中达成的协议应当具有约束力。     

A Social Movement Theory Typology of Militant Organisations: Contextualising Terrorism

Typologies are ubiquitous in terrorism studies, illustrating their continued appeal as a tool to further our understanding of this form of political violence. Despite this, to date, the promise of an empirically derived typology has largely been neglected. In addressing this gap, this article sets out a typology developed from Social Movement Theory. Using a novel statistical technique to derive a three-dimensional framework for categorising militant groups, the typology incorporates both organisational characteristics and the wider political context. The result is a typology defined by three conceptual constructs: political capacity, war-making capacity, and network capacity. Alongside these organisational features, imposing measures of the wider political opportunity structure reveals eight types of militant organisation. To explore the utility of the framework, a preliminary analysis interprets the typology in light of the presence of wider conflict. That a robust relationship is found between the various types and whether groups were operating in peacetime, civil war, or low-intensity conflict, goes some way to demonstrating its utility as an analytical tool. Conclusions draw attention to the importance of contextualising militant groups in their socio-political setting, and the benefits of combining theory alongside empirical analysis to develop robust characterisations of violent organisations.     

A meta-analytic review of the frequency and patterning of laryngohyoid and cervical fractures in cases of suicide by hanging

The frequency and distribution of fractures are commonly utilized to assist in interpreting the manner of death. In cases of alleged suicide by hanging, however, the evidence base for the frequency and patterning of laryngohyoid and cervical vertebrae fractures resulting from such blunt force traumatic events is limited and so fractures cannot be reliably used to assist in interpreting the manner. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study aimed to estimate frequency and distribution of fractures in the context of relevant intrinsic and extrinsic variables. A systematic review of the literature identified 20 studies with relevant data (8523 cases of suicide by hanging). Meta-analyses identified the frequency and distribution of fractures present and how fracture frequency was affected by the subgroups of age, sex, completeness of suspension, ligature knot position and study design. Results indicated that fracture frequency was variable, there was no unique patterning, and high levels of heterogeneity were present in all variable sub-groups. Age was the only subgroup to show differences. Findings suggest that neck fracture frequency is inconsistent and cannot be predicted by the chosen variables. Subsequently, neck fractures in isolation should not be given weight in medico-legal interpretations of a hanging death as suicidal.     

论刑事诉讼程序启动的控制

刑事诉讼程序的启动是前承社会日常生活、后启刑事诉讼活动的桥梁。刑事诉讼程序启动的控制有几种不同的类型。我国刑事诉讼程序的启动是警察控制型,存在诸多缺陷。实行检警一体化是刑事诉讼程序启动的理想图景,而增强检察机关的立案监督是这一制度完善的现实途径。     

论信息网络传播权的刑法保护——以知识产权犯罪司法解释为切入点

根据我国著作权立法中复制发行权和信息网络传播权的构成,可以认定,“复制发行”与“信息网络传播”行为必然是互不包容的两类行为,两高的司法解释将“信息网络传播”行为视为著作权罪中的“复制发行”行为,属于类推解释。类推解释使罪刑法定原则在刑法司法解释领域的贯彻面临困境,刑法司法解释应避免类推制度借类推解释还魂的现象。     

论不动产适用善意取得制度的理论基础

在传统民法理论中,善意取得的适用范围仅限于动产。然而,对社会生活加以考察可以发现,由于各种原因所造成的登记权利与实际权利的不一致,对不动产善意取得制度的建立提出了现实要求。不动产善意取得制度是现代民法追求交易安全和促进经济发展的必然。不动产善意取得制度的现实基础是登记制度。公示公信原则是不动产善意取得制度的理论基础。     

中国“宪政”问题探析

英美等西方资本主义国家的宪政实践为各国效仿,中国亦开始建设社会主义法治国家。如何看待西方宪政制度,如何认识中国自己的政治,又如何看待法治与宪政的关系,是中国建设社会主义法治国家走向宪政道路时,必须认识的一些基本问题。     

论我国股东派生诉讼制度及其完善

我国新公司法规定了股东诉讼制度,提供了股东诉讼的法律依据。在司法实践中,正确划分股东诉讼的种类、确定股东派生诉讼的程序要件和主体要件、股东派生诉讼的结果归属等法律制度亟待完善,否则,由于法律制度的缺陷,将很难发挥股东诉讼制度设置的作用。     

社会主义和谐社会特征之法治话语诠释

构建社会主义和谐社会是党在新的历史时期的一项基本国策,在法治领域要贯彻这项基本国策,必须先理解和谐社会特征之意蕴。结合具体历史背景。可以将民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处等社会主义和谐社会的六个特征以法治话语诠释为权利与权力、规范与理念、法治与德治、创新与稳定、法律禁止与允许相和谐。     

关于治国方略的几个问题

治国方略就是执掌政权的个人、集团、政党为巩固国家政权,推进经济、社会发展而确立的基本理念和模式、体制、主要目标、总体部署、重大举措和领导艺术。在同一执政党领导下,不同的发展阶段治国方略的具体方面会有不同,但一些根本的东西是一以贯之的,经过不断摸索并经实践证明,依法治国应长期作为我们党领导人民治理国家的基本方略,而坚持党的领导、人民当家作主是实施依法治国方略的根本保证。