美国反家庭暴力立法的三波浪潮及其可能走向

女权主义理论在美国的反家庭暴力立法过程中一直发挥着推波助澜的作用。第一次女权主义运动揭露了妇女保护的不足,第二次女权主义运动后,美国通过消除立法歧视,加强公权力干预和民事权利救济,以及拓展社会服务,建立起一套相对成熟的防治家庭暴力的理论和制度。但随着立法的发展以及后现代女权主义对现有制度的质疑,反家庭暴力立法存在的问题也渐渐凸显。只有坚持反家庭暴力的国际人权标准,消除性别歧视以达致社会性别结构的平等,才能拔除家庭暴力的根源。     

Obligatory dangerousness criteria in the involuntary commitment and treatment provisions of Australian mental health legislation

Objective

Involuntary commitment and treatment (IC&T) of people affected by mental illness may have reference to considerations of dangerousness and/or need for care. While attempts have been made to classify mental health legislation according to whether IC&T has obligatory dangerousness criteria, there is no standardised procedure for making classification decisions. The aim of this study was to develop and trial a classification procedure and apply it to Australia's mental health legislation.

Method

We developed benchmarks for ‘need for care’ and ‘dangerousness’ and applied these benchmarks to classify the mental health legislation of Australia's 8 states and territories. Our focus was on civil commitment legislation rather than criminal commitment legislation.

Results

One state changed its legislation during the course of the study resulting in two classificatory exercises. In our initial classification, we were able to classify IC&T provisions in legislation from 6 of the 8 jurisdictions as being based on either ‘need for care’ or ‘dangerousness’. Two jurisdictions used a terminology that was outside the established benchmarks. In our second classification, we were also able to successfully classify IC&T provisions in 6 of the 8 jurisdictions. Of the 6 Acts that could be classified, all based IC&T on ‘need for care’ and none contained mandatory ‘dangerousness’ criteria.

Conclusions

The classification system developed for this study provided a transparent and probably reliable means of classifying 75% of Australia's mental health legislation. The inherent ambiguity of the terminology used in two jurisdictions means that further development of classification may not be possible until the meaning of the terms used has been addressed in case law. With respect to the 6 jurisdictions for which classification was possible, the findings suggest that Australia's mental health legislation relies on ‘need for care’ and not on ‘dangerousness’ as the guiding principle for IC&T.     

我国发展低碳经济的法学思考

低碳经济概念的提出引致了一次全新的能源经济革命。加强低碳经济立法,是促进低碳经济健康、持续发展的有效手段和有力保障。借用经济学界关于低碳经济的概念并结合我国实际情况分析我国加强低碳经济法律保障的必要性,在我国具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。从发展规划、产业调整、能源立法、财政金融、科技立法、生活消费等六个方面借鉴国外低碳经济相关立法经验,进而审视我国低碳经济立法状况并加以完善,可以极大地节省我国低碳经济立法的时间成本,从而达致我国低碳经济立法的"跨越式"发展。     

我国知识产权证券化中特定目的公司的法律调整

在知识产权证券化的融资过程中,特定目的公司的作用主要表现为隔离交易风险与保证交易安全。我国应当借鉴发达国家成功的立法经验,在现有法律制度的基础上制定关于资产证券化中特定目的公司的单行立法,对特定目的公司的发起人、组织形式与组织机构、资产支持证券的发行和交易等问题做出明确规定,为我国知识产权证券化的开展建立完备的法律制度。     

风险社会中刑事立法正当性理论研究

经济的急速发展与社会关系的高度分化使社会呈现出风险的特征,我国刑事立法不得不紧跟社会形势频繁扩张,以应对风险社会隐藏的巨大危险。风险社会中,刑事立法正当性问题的实质在于刑法将一个危险行为作入罪化处理或者使刑罚提前到来的合理依据,解决第一个问题的关键在于如何在立法中把握犯罪化与非犯罪化的界限,解决第二个问题的关键在于如何在立法中把握犯罪性质的界限,即危险犯与实害犯的界限。     

规范与实践的悖离——民族自治地方法律变通的问题及对策

民族自治地方法律变通存在的主要问题是关于变通的规范与变通实践的悖离,这种悖离主要体现在宪法、法律赋予了民族自治地方的自制机关立法变通权,但民族自治地方的自治机关在实践中却并未充分行使这种变通权,而宪法和法律并未授予民族自治地方的司法机关变通权,但在实践中司法机关出于种种目的却大量进行着变通行为。解决这种悖离现象的主要对策是通过完善的法律制度促使民族自治地方的自治机关积极行使法律变通权,同时通过宪法或法律授予民族自治地方的司法机关一定的变通权,但应明确变通权行使的目的及范围,以限制司法机关滥用变通权。     

流浪儿童乞讨权规制的法理思考

当下中国城市有一个令人痛心的图景,那就是流浪乞讨儿童的大量存在。要从根本上保障流浪乞讨儿童的权益,就要立法禁止儿童乞讨,建立起对相关人员和机构的责任追究制度,从制度上防范儿童流浪乞讨。同时,应化解在城市生活的农村户籍儿童所面临的物质和精神层面的诸种现实难题,践行保障儿童权益的国际法基本原则。     

The Birth of Cultural Autonomy in Estonia: How,Why, and for Whom?

The 1925 law on cultural autonomy of minorities guaranteed Estonia's most significant minorities the right to independently decide how they wanted to arrange their own national-cultural matters. In this article I will focus on why Estonia decided to pass a law that was exceptional in the atmosphere of that time. To find an answer, it is necessary also to analyze how (through what process) the law was shaped and for whom the law was ultimately intended. In summary, it can be said that there were about ten factors, which were different, yet interconnected and similar in their impact, and only together did they provide sufficient impetus to make it possible to approve autonomy.     

互联网法律规制的若干问题探讨

互联网应用极大地改变了人们的生活方式,互联网领域的法律问题也改变着法律的世袭领地,创造出了法律的"混血儿"。调整因互联网应用而产生的各类社会关系的法律规范即互联网法,其调整手段涉及公法和私法领域,是一个正在成长中的兼具特异性范畴和共同性范畴的综合性法律部门。互联网立法既要针对互联网发展的特点,制定互联网领域的单行法,又要在现有的民法、刑法、知识产权法等部门法中增加针对互联网领域的专门条款,以达互联网法律规制的目的。     

法律视野下的农村金融机构研究

农村金融是农村经济的核心,但长期以来,我国对农村金融合作制的基本原则认识不清,对农村金融机构的法律地位定位模糊,导致农村信用社及有关组织严重异化甚至背离了其本质属性。从法律视角对农村信用社、农村商业银行及省级农信联社进行探讨,对我国农村金融机构的法律地位进行分析,进而对我国农村金融立法进行展望,这对促进我国农村金融机构的良性运营具有非常重要的意义。