美国宪法解释方法之要素分析

美国宪法解释方法虽各不相同,但每一种方法论背后基本上都围绕着相同的元素进行解释,这就是：宪法文字的含义、立宪者意图、司法判例和价值判断。无论上述哪种情况,总会涉及到法官的价值判断,这是无法摆脱的现实。只要是对文字语言的解释,解释者必然会将解释建立在自身的价值判断之上,关键是这种价值是否符合人类的整体价值和社会进步的价值观。     

美国金融监管改革法案对世界金融监管立法改革的影响

由于美国在当今世界金融体系中处于中心地位,并且是世界金融规则的主要制定者之一,其金融监管改革法案的出台不仅对其防范系统性金融风险,确保美国金融业可持续发展产生重大作用,对世界金融监管立法改革也会产生深远的影响。通过对该问题的研究,可对完善我国金融监管法律制度提供有益参考。     

刑法与民法之间的交错

刑法与民法在调整对象、规范、行为、法律责任上存在较多交叉、竞合之处。处理刑法与民法交错问题要有刑法与民法关联思维,对其进行整体性、交互式思考。要注意民法的前置分析,尤其是在刑法与民法之间具有规范效应的情形下更是如此。要提倡目的解释。     

解读我国《涉外民事关系法律适用法》

《涉外民事关系法律适用法》是我国历史上第一部系统调整冲突法问题的法律,它的实施将会对我国和同我国有着密切民事交往的外国产生深远的影响。通过对该法一般性的规定和几个特定领域的冲突规范的解读,可以看出许多当代国际私法的发展和成就已被其接纳,但一些实施细节有时还不得不求助于旧的规定或有待实践予以补充。总体上讲,它应当受到国内外的一致欢迎。     

Ink Dating Using Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: Comparison of Results Obtained in Two Laboratories

An ink dating method based on solvent analysis was recently developed using thermal desorption followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is currently implemented in several forensic laboratories. The main aims of this work were to implement this method in a new laboratory to evaluate whether results were comparable at three levels: (i) validation criteria, (ii) aging curves, and (iii) results interpretation. While the results were indeed comparable in terms of validation, the method proved to be very sensitive to maintenances. Moreover, the aging curves were influenced by ink composition, as well as storage conditions (particularly when the samples were not stored in “normal” room conditions). Finally, as current interpretation models showed limitations, an alternative model based on slope calculation was proposed. However, in the future, a probabilistic approach may represent a better solution to deal with ink sample inhomogeneity.     

中国宪法上国家所有的规范含义

中国现行宪法中的“国家所有”一词,不仅是经济学上的一种所有制,也是法学上的一种所有权.在法律地位、权能构造和权利外观上,国家所有权在宪法上和民法上并不存在差异.但在功能上,基于宪法第9条第1款关于“国家所有,即全民所有”的规定,国家所有权确实有特殊性,它不能为国家或政府的“私利”存在,而必须“为公民自由和自主发展提供物质和组织保障”.宪法第9条第1款和第10条第1、2款,赋予国家获得特定自然资源所有权的资格.具体的自然资源是否属于国家所有,依赖于法律对宪法上述条款的具体化和立法形成,在法律没有完成这项工作之前,特定自然资源属于没有进入物权法/财产法秩序的社会共有物,不属于国家所有的财产.对于这种共有物,国家可以基于主权以及由主权衍生的行政管理权来设定开发和使用规则,但不能作为所有权人获得相关财产性收益.     

城市“三无”人员遗产处理若干问题探析--以公证实例为分析视角

近年来,国家对低收入群体的保障力度不断增大,作为城市低保对象的"三无"人员的财产也不断增加,但法律、行政法规及司法解释都没有对城市"三无"人员遗产处理作出专门规定,特别是随着我国城镇化进程的加快,"撤村改居"的政策使得农村户籍变为城镇户籍,伴随而来的就是农村五保户向城市"三无"人员的转变,城市"三无"人员死亡后的遗产处理成了新的难题。为了避免出现遗产无人继承而归公的情形,在立法滞后的情况下,公证行业应首先制定相应的指导意见,同时完善立法,明确城市"三无"人员遗产的处理方式,在《继承法》进行修改时应扩大法定继承人的范围,从而有效解决城市"三无"人员遗产处理的问题。     

刍议如何建立长效的执法监督制约机制

在新的形势下 ,公安机关必须使权力过于集中、监督制约机制薄弱、执法者特权思想严重等问题得到有效改善。为此 ,必须从思想基础、制度保障、方式方法、根本措施等方面建立长效的执法监督机制     

The Value of Waiting in Lawmaking

Political actors and legislative bodies often invoke net present value calculations to support proposed legislative change. This paper explores the idea that adopting a law is like investing in a productive asset to identify possible misleading applications of net present value calculations. Investment involves incurring a present cost in the expectation of future benefits. Legal systems can be regarded as making investment decisions when incurring present lawmaking costs that will generate benefits over time. Lawmaking investments share, in varying degrees, three important attributes with other investment decisions. First, lawmaking costs cannot be recovered if the enacted rules prove to be ineffective or undesirable at a later time. That is, lawmaking investments are partially or completely irreversible. Second, there is often uncertainty over the future benefits of the legislation. Chosen rules may prove ineffective or changes in the social or economic circumstances may render them obsolete over time. Third, like any investment decision, timing is an issue for lawmakers to determine: lawmaking innovation or revision of current rules can be postponed. Often delays in such investment decisions come at a cost, given the forgone benefits of the investment in the immediate future. This paper focuses on the value of waiting in lawmaking, illustrating the interaction among the above factors in identifying the conditions that determine the optimal timing of legal intervention. The basic model is followed by two extensions. In the first extension, we allow for some learning and informational benefit from the immediate implementation of the new law. In a second extension, we allow for political time preference to affect the lawmaking choice.     

网络赌博犯罪的立法构建

网络空间为网络赌博提供了温床，网络赌博的出现，意味着赌博已走出了传统形式。作为一种新型的犯罪，网络赌博既有传统赌博犯罪专业化、组织化程度高，作案手法隐蔽、手段多样等特点，又有互联网跨地区、跨国界、便捷快速的技术条件。由于刑事法相对稳定的特性，导致刑事法的发展落后于高科技的发展，在规范网络赌博犯罪方面存有不足，给现实的立法、执法和司法机关提出了严峻的课题。只有尽快完善网络赌博犯罪的立法，提出规制我国网络赌博犯罪的刑事对策，才能使刑法真正成为震慑犯罪的利器。