23株猪瘟病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列差异分析

用RT PCR及测序获得了 17株猪瘟病毒 (HCV) 2 5 1bp的E2基因主要抗原编码区序列 ,经DNAstar软件对获得的 17株HCV及已发表的 6株HCV毒株序列进行了比较和分析 ,并构建了HCV遗传发生树。结果 ,这 2 3株与石门株的序列相比 ,所有毒株的碱基变化随机地分布于整个序列 ,无缺失和插入 ,其中变化较大的区域位于序列的 3′端。 2 3株HCVE2基因主要抗原编码区核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为 74.1%～ 10 0 %、79.7%～ 10 0 % ,其中 4株 2 0世纪 70～ 80年代分离毒株的核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为 76.3 %～ 86.2 %、81.1%～ 87.8% ,10株 2 0世纪 90年代分离毒株的核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为 75 .4%～ 10 0 %、79.7%～ 10 0 %。所绘制的遗传发生树分为 2个组群 (group) ,每个组群分为 2个亚组群 (subgroup) ,14株猪瘟 (HC)流行毒株在 2个组群中均有分布 ,2 0世纪 70～ 80年代分离的 3株 (75 % )在组 群 2 ,2 0世纪 90年代分离的 5株 (5 0 % )在组群 1     

试论越剧的发展不能放弃地方语言

戏曲是方言艺术,越剧是与嵊州方言深层契合的,同时越剧也存在着多方面的变化可能,如面临普通话的冲击等。方言诚然是她难以广泛流行的障碍,但也是其魅力之源泉,生命之所在。发展越剧不能完全放弃其地方语言特色。     

Ethnic Identity in Context: Variations in Ethnic Exploration and Belonging within Parent,Same-ethnic Peer,and Different-ethnic Peer Relationships

Within an ethnically diverse sample of young adults (n = 223, 26% Latin American, 14% Asian American, 32% Filipino American, 28% European American), average levels of ethnic identity was found to vary significantly across different relational contexts. Regardless of ethnicity, young adults reported highest levels of ethnic exploration and ethnic belonging with parents, followed by same-ethnic peers, then different-ethnic peers. Significantly greater variation between relational contexts generally was found for ethnic exploration compared to ethnic belonging. Greater variation in ethnic identity, particularly between same-ethnic and different-ethnic contexts was associated with lower self-esteem, positive affect, relational competence, and higher negative affect, though these liabilities were only found for European American youth. The discussion emphasizes the importance of examining ethnic identity as a dynamic construct that can vary as a function of relationships, and proposes directions for future research.

Two principles of equal language recognition

Within the umbrella of equal recognition, several principles of linguistic justice can be distinguished. A first, the per-capita principle, mandates prorating language recognition based on a per-capita distribution. A second, the equal-services principle, prescribes upholding the official languages as the languages in which the state speaks and in which public services are provided, irrespective of changing numbers of speakers. Alan Patten defends the prorated per-capita principle. I argue for the equal-services principle, which practically will often amount to a form of linguistic maximin: the more vulnerable the language, the more numerous the resources.     

Reflections on variability in the blood–breath ratio of ethanol and its importance when evidential breath-alcohol instruments are used in law enforcement

Variability in the blood–breath ratio (BBR) of alcohol is important, because it relates a measurement of the blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) with the co-existing breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC). The BBR is also used to establish the statutory BrAC limit for driving from the existing statutory BAC limits in different countries. The in-vivo BBR depends on a host of analytical, sampling and physiological factors, including subject demographics, time after end of drinking (rising or falling BAC), the nature of the blood draw (whether venous or arterial) and the subject’s breathing pattern prior to exhalation into the breath analyzer. The results from a controlled drinking study involving healthy volunteers (85 men and 15 women) from three ethnic groups (Caucasians, Hispanics and African Americans) were used to evaluate various factors influencing the BBR. Ethanol in breath was determined with a quantitative infrared analyzer (Intoxilyzer 8000) and BAC was determined by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). The BAC and BrAC were highly correlated (r = 0.948) and the BBR in the post-absorptive state was 2 382 ± 119 (mean ± SD). The BBR did not depend on gender (female: 2 396 ± 101 and male: 2 380 ± 123, P > 0.05) nor on racial group (Caucasians 2 398 ± 124, African Americans 2 344 ± 119 and Hispanics 2 364 ± 104, P > 0.05). The BBR was lower in subjects with higher breath- and body-temperatures (P < 0.05) and it also decreased with longer exhalation times into the breath-analyzer (P < 0.001). In the post-absorptive state, none of the 100 subjects had a BBR of less than 2 100:1.     

格式条款使用人的单方变更之规范构建

长期定型化交易中,格式条款使用人对格式条款的内容作单方变更有其必要性和实践意义。我国《合同法》与《民法典合同编(草案)》未对其制度化,故有必要从原理及规范上予以解释与补充。格式条款的单方变更之正当化基础可依据格式条款使用人预先保留单方变更权内容的"变更条款",亦可基于法政策的考量。之于前者,"变更条款"应受到格式条款的一般效力规制且符合相对人的可期待性,以实现对相对人信赖的保护。之于后者,应参考情势变更原则之于司法实践的类型化适用确立"变更必要性"明确的适用范围。为使格式条款的单方变更产生拘束相对人之效力,应构建相对人的利益保护机制。实体规范上该变更应符合"相对人的一般利益"或达到"合理性"要求。程序规范上,格式条款使用人应履行通知义务及相对人享有脱离变更后合同的解约权等救济措施,从而实现相对人知情权、选择权及对等权利的保护。     

“很X很XX”结构研究

“很”在现代汉语中是一个非常活跃的程度副词,由于活跃因而具有一定的能产性,在具体的造句和运用过程中会产生一些新的用法和用例。“很X很XX”结构即是这种能产性的体现。本文通过对此结构的研究,以期揭示出其产生的原因以及在句法特征、语用环境中的一些规律,并期望以此来指导和规范一些变异的特殊用法。     

中外法律语言研究侧重点的差异及启示

法律与语言的关系问题是法律语言学的研究范围。司法领域中的语言问题是法律语言学研究的核心问题。一般来讲,法律语言研究分为书面语和口语两个范畴。中外法律语言研究侧重点存在着较大不同。中国法律语言研究重书面语研究而轻法律口语研究,范围多局限于语言本身,很少涉及到语言学在司法领域中的应用等方面。国外法律语言研究对国内法律语言的未来研究与发展有重要的启示意义。     

A global study of forensically significant calliphorids: implications for identification

A proliferation of molecular studies of the forensically significant Calliphoridae in the last decade has seen molecule-based identification of immature and damaged specimens become a routine complement to traditional morphological identification as a preliminary to the accurate estimation of post-mortem intervals (PMI), which depends on the use of species-specific developmental data. Published molecular studies have tended to focus on generating data for geographically localised communities of species of importance, which has limited the consideration of intraspecific variation in species of global distribution. This study used phylogenetic analysis to assess the species status of 27 forensically important calliphorid species based on 1167 base pairs of the COI gene of 119 specimens from 22 countries, and confirmed the utility of the COI gene in identifying most species. The species Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya megacephala, Ch. saffranea, Ch. albifrontalis and Calliphora stygia were unable to be monophyletically resolved based on these data. Identification of phylogenetically young species will require a faster-evolving molecular marker, but most species could be unambiguously characterised by sampling relatively few conspecific individuals if they were from distant localities. Intraspecific geographical variation was observed within Ch. rufifacies and L. cuprina, and is discussed with reference to unrecognised species.     

鸽源冠状病毒PSH株纤突蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

对鸽源冠状病毒PSH株纤突蛋白基因进行了RT-PCR扩增、克隆和测序。结果表明,PSH株S基因由3 504个核苷酸组成,编码1条由1 167个氨基酸残基组成的多肽。S基因编码产物裂解后形成的S1和S2亚单位分别由541和626个氨基酸残基组成。PSH株S蛋白切割识别位点为精氨酸-精氨酸-苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-精氨酸(RRFRR),与多数鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)切割识别位点相似(RRF/SRR)。与GenBank中其他冠状病毒毒株S基因的推导氨基酸序列相比较,PSH株与IBV参考毒株的同源性为79.3%~99.6%,而与其他冠状病毒包括火鸡蓝冠病病毒和SARS病毒的同源性均小于37.8%。表明,鸽源冠状病毒PSH株属于第3抗原群冠状病毒,且与IBV亲缘关系较近。