中国当代美学与文论的原创研究笔谈(专题研究)

虽然原创研究应该是以创造当代中国原理、概念、范畴为目标,但就原创是一个古代和中国现代文论很少涉及的话题以及将原创的努力作为一个积累而逐步深化的过程而言,以下八位学者从不同的视角为理论原创问题的研究贡献了彼此独立而又相关联的思考：袁济喜、姚文放分别就原创的中国传统文化资源做了挖掘;刘顺利、韩德民通过姚永朴、宗白华对中国现代文论和美学的资源做了新的阐发;张锡坤则致力于中西方文论的打通;张伟 则致力于美学原创的综合方法的思考;何平就原创如何应对当下的文学批评问题发表了看法;张震则就文学性问题初步展开了个人化的理解与建构。     

Visions of Tsafendas: Literary Biography and the Limits of “Research”

Abstract

Research seminar, research cluster, research output. The word is almost a fetish within the contemporary academy—but what does “research” actually mean in a discipline like literature? And what happens when a research project overspills its bounds, or pushes up against disciplinary limits and protocols? In this piece, I explore such questions via the figure of Demetrios Tsafendas, the "mad Greek" who assassinated apartheid Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd in 1966, supposedly acting on instructions from a tapeworm inside him. It is one of the strangest facts in South African history; it is also, of course, a kind of fiction, and one that has been refracted into a range of literary and artistic works. Reading across both official and “creative” archives, I address a range of methodological problems that I encountered in attempting an academic treatment of Tsafendas and his (as the presiding apartheid judge put it) “useless life”.     

是“本土化”问题还是“主体性”问题?——兼谈“民国机制”与中国现代文学研究

近年来,在反思"全球化"理论的过程中,"本土化"问题的提出确实带给了我们重新认识现代文学自身的机会。但是,由于"本土化"理论模式"化"他者理论为己用的先天缺乏研究者"主体性"的缺陷,使得"本土化"理论在面对什么是新文学真正的中国特质这样根本性的问题时显得乏力,而"民国文学机制"问题的提出,刚好弥补了"本土化"理论的缺陷,以突出历史情境为切入口,强调研究者的"主体性",为塑造中国自己的文学研究思维打开了一扇窗。     

Specificity and independence of the literary game

In developing his theory of the “literary field,” Pierre Bourdieu essentially had in mind the case of France from the second half of the nineteenth century, the use of which as a case undoubtedly contributed to his marginalizing numerous aspects of the national microcosm. Among its unstated and unrecognized particular qualities, France is mono-national (rather than multinational) and monolingual (rather than multilingual), and occupies the dominant position in the international Francophone world (much as Germany is at the heart of the German-speaking world). A state, a nation, a language, a territory, a literature – all of these make one unit and prevent one from considering situations more complex or tangled, such as those of many minority literatures. These allow the tackling of issues – among others, problems of their “autonomy” in relation to realities outside of literature such as the political, religious, linguistic, and economic. Rather than imposing constraints on a research agenda, the study of minority literatures allows one to shed light on the complex and contradictory relations between the political (the national, the communal, and sometimes the state), the market, and the literary game.     

Emergence and equivocal autonomization of a Kurdish literary field in Turkey

Drawing on field theory, this paper aims to shed light on the development and functioning of the Kurdish literary world in Turkey, characterized, in particular, by the use of a non-official language. It argues that this “small literary world” is to be understood in relation to a “double macrocosm”: the sphere of Kurdish politics and the national Turkish sphere, which provide specific constraints and resources. The paper argues that in such a context the emergence of a literary field, autonomous from other social fields and independent from political stakes, follows an unpredictable path, and will not always be achieved political dimension of the literary act stresses its dependency on political stakes and the field of politics. This however does not impede the emergence of autonomous literary institutions. The multilingualism of the actors involved drives also toward another heteronomy: this small literary world is also to be understood in relation to the Turkish literary field. The paper first presents the macrocosms in which Kurdish literary activities developed. It then examines the progressive integration of a field freeing itself from political constraints. Lastly, it focuses on the trajectories of a few writers, the analyses of which show the intertwining of the different worlds.     

劳动合同内容的妥当性--《劳动合同法》第26条第1款第2项的解释适用

内容的适法性与妥当性均系劳动合同的生效要件。《劳动合同法》第26条第1款第2项应当被定位为体现劳动合同特色的妥当性要件,起到规制劳动合同内容的一般条款的作用。该项的规范功能及主要目的在于遏止用人单位在劳动合同中滥用其经济优势地位,过分压制弱势劳动者的行为。作为概括性条款,该项规定的适用应着重案例化、类型化的操作方式;在适用顺序方面,原则上应明确妥当性要件补充适用的地位;可借鉴《合同法》第52条第4项的操作模式,即在妥当性要件下引入法律、行政法规以外的低位阶规范（地方法规、部委规章等）中的强制性规定,作为确认劳动合同效力的依据。     

政治内容的生成过程

政治内容的确立并不在于它的自我宣称,而是取决于由发出、运作以及反馈等因素和环节构成的生成过程。这个问题对于政治学研究和政治运作都具有重要的现实意义。一方面,政治内容的生成同时也是一种功能实施的过程,预先设计的政治需要通过相应功能的运作和反馈才能获得、并体现出真实的或具体的内容含义;另一方面,功能实施需要相应的载体形式,不同载体承担着不同的职能或功能,并由相应的功能关系维系着政治的一般或常态运作机制。在政治内容生成的过程中,各种转换的主要根据都在于相应的实效反馈,也就是发出预设与运作效果的相互作用;然而从普遍性来讲,各种实效反馈对于政治内容生成的作用根据或运作机制,都在于专门政治与一般政治的转化。     

我国环境法教学模式的反思与探索

环境法教学模式的核心内容是教学目的、教学内容和教学方法。在教学的目的方面,环境法旨在培养学生环境法理念、传授学生环境法律知识、训练学生环境法学研究方法,从而为社会培养和输送环境法人才。在教学内容方面,环境法教学应着重处理好教材的选择和运用、理论知识的梳理和讲解以及实证材料的补充和使用等问题。在教学方法方面,教师中心型教学法、师生互动型教学法和实践型教学法应在环境法教学活动中根据教学内容、教育阶段和课堂反应等因素适当地采用。     

超越自我的群体幻象——意识形态与20世纪上半叶中国文学社团的研究

意识形态不仅是社会的有机组成部分,也是人类生命的有机组成部分.它更多作为一个在某种特定利益驱使下形成的包含着欲望、情感、表象的知识系统,有着理论和实践的功能.它包容着政治、经济、道德、伦理等观念思想,但又不是简单的等同.意识形态是一个动态的整合的文化概念.这一理论视野提供了重新审视和阐释现代中国文学社团的可能.现代中国文学社团的源流、生成及形态等,与现代中国社会政治文化等诸方面构成了关系复杂的网络.现代中国文学社团发展史既是一部现代意识形态史,又是现代知识分子不断追求超越自我的群体幻象.在一个互动的文化结构体系中,考察现代文学社团自身,反省现代文学社团研究,重要的是尊重文学社团的独立形态、结构特征,正确区分与文学流派、思潮的整合关系.     

论森鸥外的早期文学创作——对生命价值的探求与“告白”

森鸥外留学德国,潜心于卫生学、军医学、文学、哲学、美学、艺术的研究。回国后,积极开展社会启蒙与文明批判,在西方哲学中寻求审美与人生的价值,发表了浪漫的青春三部曲———《舞姬》、《水沫记》和《信使》,其作品表现出来的近代性和浪漫性开日本浪漫主义文学之先河,为日本近代文学的确立打下了坚固的基础,是研究日本近代文学不可忽视的重要内容。