有毒生物碱阿托品的检验现状

阿托品是一种抗胆碱药,可用于有机磷农药中毒的抢救,但因其本身具有毒性和致幻性,常被滥用并导致中毒甚至死亡,又可被添加至可卡因等毒品中。目前,阿托品的主要检测方法有气相色谱、液相色谱和毛细管电泳,本文综述了这几种方法检测阿托品的现状。     

The price that US minority communities pay: mass incarceration and the ideologies that fuel them

Mass incarceration of minorities has generated alarming attention. This concern is a result of the massive social injustice perpetrated by the ideologies that force mental and physical imprisonment on the poor. The outcome of this social injustice generates punitive inequalities that become entrenched in US social experiences. Once incarcerated, an individual carries a permanent label that brands him/her as an eternal ‘criminal’ and deactivates him/her from mainstream society. This translates into exclusion from responsible educational and occupational participation. Disadvantaged members of minority groups caught in this unforgiving social imprisonment often turn to the underground economy, which, unfortunately, increases the possibility of arrest, or re-arrest. The imprisoning ideology that stereotypes the disadvantaged community, leads to increased incarceration, hypersegregation, social abandonment, and creates a theater for venomous law enforcement practices. The impact of mass incarceration and the ideologies that sustain them on disadvantaged minority communities is the focus of this examination.     

Addressing the schizophrenia of global Jihad

This paper deploys Deleuze and Guattari's AntiOedipus to critique discourses on radicalisation that call for a ‘public diplomacy’ to challenge a Jihadi meta-narrative or core identity. It argues that the Global Jihad should be reconceptualised as schizophrenic inasmuch as it is made up of a multiplicity of groups, aims, values, rationales and identities. The paper seeks to develop the utility of Deleuze and Guattari's philosophy for bridging critical and traditional terrorism studies by arguing that their schizoanalysis is a helpful aid to reassessing dominant identitarian conceptual frameworks for Jihad, and offers directions for reformulating our responses to radicalisation.     

Analysis of 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐DimethoxyphenethylamineAbuser's Urine: Identification and Quantitation of Urinary Metabolites

The metabolites of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B), a psychoactive drug with hallucinogenic activity, were investigated in a urine sample from a user of 2C‐B. The urine sample was deconjugated enzymatically and the metabolites were recovered by liquid–liquid extraction. The extract was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatization, and the results were used to identify and quantitate the metabolites. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid was the most abundant metabolite of 2C‐B in human urine and accounted for 73% of the total amount of detected metabolites, followed by 4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylacetic acid (13%) and 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylethyl alcohol (4.5%). According to the literature, the main metabolites of 2C‐B in rat urine are N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐methoxy‐5‐hydroxyphenylethyl)acetamide and N‐(4‐bromo‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenylethyl)acetamide. However, these metabolites accounted for only a small proportion of the total amount of detected metabolites in human urine, which indicates that there are significant species‐specific differences in the metabolism of 2C‐B. 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, which was the most abundant metabolite in human urine, is thought to be generated by deamination of 2C‐B by monoamine oxidase (MAO) followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Our results suggest that MAO plays a crucial role in the metabolism of 2C‐B in humans.     

Systematic Toxicological Analysis Revealing a Rare Case of Captan Ingestion

This article presents a case of suicide by intoxication with various pharmaceuticals, particularly anticonvulsants, combined with the fungicide captan. A cause of death could not be ascertained at autopsy. However, systematic toxicological analysis (STA) including a screening via solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) for (semi) volatile organic compounds revealed results suggesting a possible cause of death. The effects of captan on the human organism, its metabolism, and distribution will be discussed. Macroscopically, the cause of death was unascertained. STA revealed clonazepam, citalopram, and its metabolites, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lacosamide, clonazepam, captan, and its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI). For the first time, it was detected in human viscera. A quantification of THPI was performed to obtain distribution in the organs. The significance of a complete STA must be emphasized. The presence of THPI would have been missed without previous detection of captan. Consequently, this fatality would not have been investigated satisfactorily.     

UPLC—MS／MS法测定人血中雪上一枝蒿甲素

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC—MS／MS）法测定人血中雪上一枝蒿甲素含量的方法。方法样品经乙酸乙酯提取后,Ci8柱分离,以0．1％甲酸乙腈-0．1％甲酸水为流动相梯度洗脱,正离子-多反应离子监测模式（ESI＋-MRM）测定雪上一枝蒿甲素,定性定量离子对分别为344．3／58．0、344．3／91．0。结果雪上一枝蒿甲素在3．5～850ug／L-1。范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系（r=-0．9968）,检测限为0．1Iμg／L-1,日内、日间精密度均〈10％,低、中、高三个浓度下准确度（n=5）为97．2％-115．2％,回收率（n=5）为86．6％~89．4％。结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,可作为测定人血中雪上一枝蒿甲素含量的方法。     

社会转型期群体性事件的特点、成因及对策

我国正处于社会转型的关键时期,近年来,全国范围内的群体性事件剧增,对社会安定造成影响。要减少群体性事件的发生,就必须从其自身具备的特点、发生的原因、以及防控对策入手进行分析。本文就分别从群体性事件的特点、成因及对策三个方面对群体性事件进行分析阐述。论文主要采用调查法,例证法,统计法等研究方法,从而得出结论,进而有利于决策部门从实质上认识和把握群体性事件,有利于有效预防和处置群体性事件,维持社会的安定和谐。     

转型期影响群体性事件的深层次矛盾分析

我国正处于由封闭社会向开放社会、由传统农工社会向现代信息化社会的转型变革时期,群体性事件的发生、演变不可避免地带有转型发展时期的阶段性特点和时代特征。在利益结构变化和利益格局深刻调整的时代背景下,透过群体性事件规模扩大、诉求复杂、组织程度增加的诸多表象,利益分化与利益表达、参与诉求与制度现实、矛盾纠纷与疏通渠道、弱势群体与社会保障以及贫富分化与社会公平之间形成的深层次矛盾,成为影响群体性事件走向和趋势的根本问题。     

“快闪”：潜在的群体性事件

＂快闪＂是近几年新兴起的一种社会现象,它通过互联网的无国界传播,如风暴一般迅速席卷了全球并已在我国登陆。针对不同类型要有不同的解决方案。对这种可能转化为群体性事件的社会动员力,有必要提高警惕、积极应对,我们应当在法律的框架下对其进行合理疏导,防止其最终转化为群体性事件。     

How preferences,information and institutions interactively drive agenda‐setting: Questions in the Belgian parliament, 1993–2000

In this article an integrated framework of agenda‐setting is proposed that incorporates the two main accounts of agenda‐setting: the information‐processing approach by Comparative Agenda Project scholars and the preference‐centred account advanced by Comparative Manifestoes Project scholars. The study claims that attention allocation is determined at the same time by preferences, information and institutions, and that attention allocation is affected by the interactions between these three factors. An empirical test is conducted that draws upon a dataset of parliamentary questions/interpellations in Belgium in the period 1993–2000. It is found that attention in parliament is indeed driven by preceding party manifestos (preferences), by available information (media coverage) and by institutional position (government or opposition party). The evidence establishes that agenda‐setting is also affected by the interactions between preferences, information and institutions. Actors, given their preferences, treat information in a biased fashion, and institutions moderate information's role.