The future of claims to resist removal by non-nationals suffering from HIV/AIDS

The focus of this article is to consider the difficulties facing non-nationals suffering HIV/AIDS to resist removal to their countries of origin where there is no or inadequate medical treatment. The link between HIV/AIDS and migration will be explored illustrating the vulnerability of displaced people to the virus. The current UK legal position for those attempting to resist removal in such circumstances will be explored. The article will explore two potential avenues that may prevent removal of non-nationals with HIV/AIDS to countries with limited access to the necessary treatment. In the first instance consideration of Article 3 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) will be made with particular emphasis on mother and child claims. The second argument will examine the potential for refugee claims under Article 1A (2) Refugee Convention 1951 where an applicant may be able to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution because of membership to a particular social group. The authors will particularly emphasise the argument that in certain countries sufferers will experience ostracism and victimisation where its severity may amount to treatment contrary to Article 3 ECHR and persecution under the Refugee Convention. Vanessa Bettinson and Dr Alwyn Jones, senior lecturers, De Montfort University. The authors would like to thank Professor Tony Barnett at London School of Economics for his useful and invaluable thoughts and comments. We would also like to thank our colleague Gavin Dingwall and the students in our 2006/07 Immigration and Refugee Law seminars for their very helpful feedback.     

关于病历所有权的探讨

本文从病历的内容、形成等来区分病历所有权的归属,笔者将病历分为三部分:客观部分、主观分析部分、治疗部分,分别归属于患者、医方所有、治疗部分归患医方共用的观点,并对病历的使用进行了探讨。     

An autopsy case of intraoperative death due to pulmonary fat embolism—possibly caused by release of tourniquet after multiple muscle-release and tenotomy of the bilateral lower limbs

We report a case of a juvenile male with muscle rigidity caused by cerebral palsy who experienced intraoperative sudden death due to pulmonary fat embolism after multiple muscle-release and tenotomy of the bilateral lower limbs. Data were obtained through review of the surgical and anesthesia records, as well as from autopsy and histopathological examination. All surgical procedures were performed within the same operation, beginning with the right lower limb and then proceeding with the left lower limb, with application of a pneumatic tourniquet to avoid intraoperative hemorrhage. Slight changes in the hemodynamics were noticed after release of the right tourniquet. Further, sudden onset of hypotension, severe bradycardia, and a marked decrease in percutaneously monitored oxygen saturation occurred just after release of the left tourniquet when the left limb was raised for casting. The patient died despite immediate and vigorous cardiopulmonary resuscitation. At autopsy performed 20 h after death, examination of the lungs revealed a pale surface, slight edema, and obvious fat droplets in the vessels at the cut surfaces. Histopathological examination with fat staining was notable for the presence of pulmonary fat embolism. These results suggest that restoration of venous return after removal of the tourniquet combined with massive fat embolism from dead spaces was the likely cause of death.     

我国医疗服务市场失灵分析与对策思考

医疗服务市场与完全和完善市场相去甚远,存在着严重的市场失灵。治理医疗服务市场失灵,引入政府干预应谨慎合理,要充分重视市场自身矫正和其他非市场力量,以免伤害市场自身的修复能力,导致“大政府”模式以及政府失灵带来的效率下降。我国医疗服务市场失灵情况错综复杂,应该具体问题具体分析,不加区别地简单的“一刀切,”将政府的作用神话和盲目地要求政府介入并非解决问题的明智之举。     

论我国亟待建立的预防接种不良反应补偿救济机制

因预防接种不良反应发生的医疗纠纷时有发生,但是因为相关的法律问题缺少理论层面的探讨,也缺少明确法律依据,导致司法实践中量裁不一。同时,由于预防接种不良反应各方均无过错,所以往往在赔偿上也只能“点到为止”,被接种人虽受损害,却无法通过诉讼途径得到相当的经济利益。笔者对预防接种的法律关系、预防接种不良反应的概念、预防接种不良反应的归责原则进行探讨,并提出建立预防接种不良反应补偿救济机制的方案。     

宫内节育器使用所致医疗纠纷法医学鉴定

在法医鉴定中,由宫内节育器引发的医疗纠纷案例逐年增加,患者法律保护意识、医务人员的技术水平较低是此类鉴定增加的主要原因。目前宫内节育器仍然是我国妇女避孕的主要途径之一,宫内节育器医疗操作中可能发生的并发症或意外及其与医疗行为的关系,医院是否需要承担责任及责任大小等均需要明确。加强医生技能训练,采取必要的防范措施,客观评价和认识宫内节育器诊疗中的并发症,才能确保计划生育工作宫内节育器的安全可靠。     

关于职工医疗保险制度改革的调查与思考

调查表明,职工拥护医疗保险制度改革,但对具体方案意见较大,主要是职工自负比例过大等几项原因.解决改革中出现的问题,最大限度地化解职工疾病风险,保障职工的医疗和保健水平,是医疗保险制度不断完善的目标.     

上海地区非法行医致孕妇死亡案例回顾性研究

目的研究上海地区非法行医致孕妇死亡案例并分析其特点,探究其形成原因及预防机制。方法收集本研究所2001～2005年接受上海市公安机关委托非法行医致孕妇死亡案例11例,按照孕妇情况、死亡原因及非法行医者的诊疗措施等进行分类整理分析。结果非法行医致孕妇死亡的原因多为产后大出血、羊水栓塞,多伴软产道裂伤。孕妇多未进行正规产前检查,到缺乏必要医疗条件的个体非法行医者处或者家中分娩,非法行医者往往存在不正当应用催产素,强行分娩,未采取及时有效抢救措施。     

相互保险:我国医疗责任保险的发展取向--美国医疗责任相互保险公司的启示

责任保险是重要的风险转移工具(Alternative Risk Tansfer,ART),但商业性的保险公司为了追求商业利润往往不愿承保日益膨胀的医疗风险。美国非商业性的相互保险公司能为医疗风险提供弹性的保险计划,有力的风险管理,多功能的法律服务,而且低成本运作。我国应以美国医疗责任相互保险为模型,从社会系统工程的角度构建医疗损害赔偿制度。     

医疗损害赔偿纠纷案件法律适用的冲突与调适

医疗损害赔偿是当今社会的热点问题,也是司法审判实践中的重点、难点问题。由于该类案件处理中现行法律适用原则存在的误区,导致审判实践中同案不能同判的现象时有发生。这不仅损害当事人的合法权益,而且严重损害我国法律的尊严。文中阐述了现行法律适用原则存在的主要问题及由此产生的严重影响,并从理论上通过对现行适用原则中区分对待的医疗事故以及其它医疗损害的剖析,明确了医疗损害的内涵及其责任性质,进而提出对《条