The birth of the memory of Communism: memorial museums in Europe

This article argues that the memory of Communism emerged in Europe not due to the public recognition of pre-given historical experiences of peoples previously under Communist regimes, but to the particularities of the post-Cold War transnational political context. As a reaction to the uniqueness claim of the Holocaust in the power field structured by the European enlargement process, Communism memory was reclaimed according to the European normative and value system prescribed by the memory of the Holocaust. Since in the political context of European enlargement refusing to cultivate the memory of the Holocaust was highly illegitimate, the memory of Communism was born as the “twin brother” of Holocaust memory. The Europeanized memory of Communism produced a legitimate differentia specifica of the newcomers in relation to old member states. It has been publicly reclaimed as an Eastern European experience in relation to universal Holocaust memory perceived as Western. By the analysis of memorial museums of Communism, the article provides a transnational, historical, and sociological account on Communism memory. It argues that the main elements of the discursive repertoire applied in post-accession political debates about the definition of Europe were elaborated before 2004 in a pan-European way.     

Capricious Intentions in Stevie Smith’s Poems and Drawings

Abstract

There is a contradiction in how Stevie Smith saw the relationship between her poems and drawings. On the one hand, she looked at her doodles as vital to her poetry and backed with a great deal of intentionality. She painstakingly cut and pasted them into her drafts and left detailed notes to her publishers when those placements were not to her exact specifications. On the other hand, though, she talked about her doodles as if they were ephemeral and backed only by caprice. This essay argues that Smith’s doodles play at the intersection of intentionality and caprice; in doing so, they become deliberately detachable objects that signify both placed with and when displaced from her poetry. Decisions, whether by Smith or by her editors, to move or remove an image have both subtle and dramatic changes for readers’ experiencing of her poems. This paper relies on archival and published sources to provide readings of several of Smith’s poems including ‘Do Take Muriel Out,’ ‘The Rehearsal,’ ‘The After-Thought,’ and ‘Not Waving but Drowning.’ In their continual ability to be removed and reattached to her poetry, Smith’s doodles destabilize the texts that they supposedly compliment, while at the same time also revitalizing them by allowing them to remain open to new interpretations.     

诗歌翻译的模糊性

诗歌具有模糊性 ,其模糊语言创造美。它必然给诗歌翻译带来许多问题 ,包括翻译标准与方法。本文试图对汉诗英译翻译标准的模糊把握和翻译方法的灵活运用进行探讨 ,为译者进行艺术再创造提供依据。     

浅谈古典诗歌中的地名英译问题

意象是融入了主观情意的客观物象,或者是借助客观物象表现出来的主观情意,。在诗歌中,地名既可作为一般意义上的地理名词存在,也可寄寓诗人的主观情感而构成诗歌意象。"三化"理论(深化、等化、浅化)作为传达诗歌"意美"的有效手段,也是诗歌地名英译的重要方法。将意象的概念引入诗歌地名英译中,在"三化"理论的框架下探讨古典诗歌地名英译的具体方法,或可为诗歌英译提供些微思路。     

反思与弃绝：“保钓”视野下唐文标的现代诗创作

唐文标早年颇具现代色彩的新诗创作中，就已潜藏着对现代主义抽象的超越、救赎精神的疑虑反思，并隐约可见现实关切、社会实践等思想特质，这为其后来参与“保钓”等左翼实践并最终与现代诗彻底决裂，埋下了思想的种子。在经受20世纪60年代后期欧美社会运动和“保钓”运动洗礼后，他将左翼的精神和理想带至台湾，其对现代诗的发难重新激起台湾思想文化上的左翼现实批判精神。因此，联系唐文标早期的现代诗创作活动，全面考察其左翼文学思想的发展历程，才能更深入把握左翼革命理想中激荡的种种对现实、历史、民族的深切寄托。     

优美的音乐形式,丰富的主题内涵——英诗的艺术美赏析

英诗是一座知识的宝库，也是一门美的艺术。作为美的艺术，英诗能给我们带来快乐；作为知识的源泉，英诗能给我们增添才智。英诗涉及的主题非常广，其功用多种多样。它的知识含量丰富，又是多种情感和想象力的反映。诗人提供给我们的是如何看待生活和解决问题的方式。它还有优美动人的旋律，甚至能谱曲歌唱，悦耳动听。朗读或背诵诗歌能得到音乐美的熏陶，是一种真正的艺术享受。因此，英诗能给予我们无穷的智慧和快乐。     

Stevie Smith and Her Dancing Girls

Abstract

What constitutes a good Stevie Smith poem? The question bothered the author herself and it can bedevil the reader too, with evaluative quandaries often compounding interpretative ones. Smith's uncertainty about the relative merits of her poems informed publication decisions, and this in turn has resulted in certain compositions being overlooked in critical assessments of her achievement. This article takes as a test-case example a hitherto largely neglected poem, ‘The Ballet of the Twelve Dancing Princesses’, and through sustained close reading makes the case that the poem, unpublished in Smith's lifetime, may be one of her finest pieces. Through an analysis of the poem's cultural and historical context, its manifold ambiguities, its imagery and atmosphere, its coded engagement with the fabular and the strange effects achieved through rhythm and rhyme, the poem is shown to offer a complex, psychologically suggestive response to issues which exercise Smith in many of her poems, including the tension between innocence and knowledge, between the child and the adult, between the capricious and the calculated, and between the ‘frivolous’ and the ‘ominous’. The difficulty of determining how ironically and how seriously Smith engages with some of the latent preoccupations of her poem, such as the power of sorcery and the supernatural, the growth of sexual awareness in young girls and (possibly) the approach of the Second World War, is taken as symptomatic of the tendency of Smith's poems to at once invite and defy exegesis. Taken together, these various concerns and characteristics provide the grounds for considering one of Smith's overlooked poems as one of her most effective. Yet the conclusion seeks to complicate this assessment by cross-questioning the criteria by which Smith's ‘success’ as a poet may be determined.     

试论《诗经》时代乐器的重要角色

《诗经》时代是以礼乐文化为主体的时代。“乐器”是礼乐文化的重要硬件设施,与诗、歌、舞并存,在当时贵族社会生活中有着重要的地位。日常生活中,乐器运用既有一、二种乐器的简单伴奏,又有小型乐队式的排演组合,还有乐器独奏曲。而在礼仪场合中,大型乐队则有着规定的摆设位置、组合形式和演奏程序,塑造浓厚的场景氛围。通过出土乐器实物的印证,更可看出当时乐器科技水准的进步和演奏技艺的高超。     

The Copyright Royalty Tribunal: New Arena for Communications Industry Confrontation

Drawing from in-depth qualitative research of poetry communities in New York City and Toronto, Canada, and grounded in theories of gift relations and Bourdieu's conception of fields of literary production (1996), this article argues that the sustainability of the arts must include visions of sustainability that extend beyond the economic if they are to be true to the internal experience and definitions of fields of artistic production. This article argues that relations among poets can be understood as exemplars of a gift economy and that these gift relations among poets contribute to the sustainability of this artistic field and career. A model of how gift relations are patterned among poetry communities is proposed to more clearly articulate the patterns of this process.