Three-dimensional modeling of the various volumes of canines to determine age and sex: a preliminary study

Canines are usually used in anthropological and forensic sciences for sex and age determination. The best methods to estimate age are based on secondary dentine apposition, evaluated from periapical X-rays. The aim of this study was to propose a new method of sex and age estimation using 3D models to obtain more precise predictions using tooth volumes. Fifty-eight dental CT scans of patients aged 14-74 with a well-balanced sex ratio composed the sample. One hundred and thirty-three healthy canines were modeled (Mimics 12.0). The sample was divided into a training sample and a validation sample. An age formula was determined using the "pulp volume/tooth volume" ratio. Sex prediction was adjusted with total volumes. Applying the equations to the validation sample, no significant difference was found between the real and predicted ages, and 100% of the sex predictions were correct. This preliminary study gives interesting results, and this method is worth being tested on a larger data sample.     

论民事诉讼申请再审期间制度之重构——以《民事诉讼法》修改为背景

《民事诉讼法》的修订在即,再审制度的完善仍然是本次修法的焦点。申请再审期间制度是再审制度的重要内容,也是考量再审制度设置合理化、规范化的重要问题。目前,我国现有申请再审期间的规定被学者们广为诟病,在实践中也不利于申诉滥情形的治理,故在本次《民事诉讼法》修订时,对该制度进行重构势在必行。     

e-Youth before its judges - Legal protection of minors in cyberspace

The present paper¹ aims both at introducing the legal aspects of the protection of minors in cyberspace and analysing and criticizing certain main features embedded in this legal approach of young people protection. After a short introduction underlining the concept of child’s rights and the reason why this right has been particularly proclaimed in the context of the cyberspace, the first section describes the new technological features of the ICT environment and linked to this evolution the increasing risks the minors are confronted with. A typology of cyber abuses is proposed on the basis of these considerations. A list of EU or Council of Europe texts directly or indirectly related to the minors’ protection into the cyberspace is provided. The second section intends to analyse certain characteristics of the legal approach as regards the ways by which that protection is conceived and effectively ensured. Different principles and methods might be considered as keywords summarizing the legal approach and to a certain extent, fixing a partition of responsibilities taking fully into account the diversity of actors might be deduced from the different regulatory documents.The third section comes back to the different complementary means by which the Law is envisaging the minors’ protection. The obligation to create awareness about the potential risks minors might incur definitively is the first one. The omnipresent reference in all the legal texts to the role of self-regulatory interventions constitutes another pillar of the protection envisaged by the Law. After having described the multiple instruments developed in the context of this self-regulation (labels, codes of conduct, hotlines, ODR…) or even co-regulation, the paper examines the conditions set by the European legislators as regards these instruments. Technology might be considered as a fourth method for protecting children. Our concern will be to see how the Law is addressing new requirements as regards the technological solutions and their implementation. The present debates about the liability of the actors involved in applications or services targeted or not vis-à-vis the minors like SNS or VSP operators are evoked. As a final point the question of the increasing competences of LEA and the reinforcement of the criminal provisions in order to fight cyber abuses against minors will be debated. In conclusion, we will address final recommendations about the way by which it would be possible to reconcile effective minors’ protection and liberties into the cyberspace.     

民商事审判风险管理体系的建构——一个嵌入风险社会语境的逻辑证成

我国已经进入了风险社会,公共管理领域必须对此作出回应,民商事审判领域面对的矛盾纠纷,来自社会层面的风险与民商事审判本身的自有风险还可能叠加激化,出现激烈爆发的危险境地。民商事审判作为创新社会管理的手段,为阻却风险到危险的发展进路,应该植入先进的风险管理理念,建构前置风险评估、风险提示、风险预防、风险化解与应对的流畅风险管理体系。     

民法解释学的发展与相对所有权观念的解释论应用

所有权理论发展的每一步都伴随着民法解释学的推动,而民法解释学所经历的不同发展阶段,正是基于实用法学的出发点——如何能动地解释和发展法学理论以解决现实中存在的问题——而出现的。但是民法解释学要发挥其对理论的推动作用,也需要借助于民法理论的质变,仅仅是民法解释学本身所能起到的作用是有限的。在修正的绝对所有权的阶段,民法解释学不断地突破绝对所有权观念的限制,当绝对所有权观念基本上被打破的时候,必须有一个新的所有权观念来支撑所有权理论的进一步发展,这种理论就是相对所有权观念所负载的民法理论。     

海上货运委托合同受托人责任之归责原则反思

《中华人民共和国合同法》第406条中表述的“过错”与“故意”“重大过失”相对应,强调的是受托人在履行委托合同过程中对注意义务违反的范围,而非主观心理状态。海上货运委托合同项下,“过错”不应独立出来成为受托人承担责任的要件,因为过错的因素已经包含在违约行为这一基本要义之中。将过错的举证责任倒置给受托人,在一定程度上等同于将违约行为的证明责任转移给了受托人,这可能导致委托双方利益的失衡。相关司法解释的制定应建立在对《中华人民共和国合同法》第406条准确理解的基础上,根据海上货运委托合同完全商事化的特点,明确海上货运委托合同适用严格责任原则,使司法解释中委托双方权利义务的规定达到“准立法”的科学合理的目的。     

试论建设法治政府的发展方向

在现阶段,需要进一步推进建设法治政府。法治政府建设,需要从自我推动走向内外结合持续推动,从建规立制走向注重实践,从封闭走向开放,从平衡权力结构走向错位权力结构,从自律走向他律,从形式法治走向实质法治。所有这些,是我们建设法治政府的方向和任务。     

著作权的法经济分析范式——兼评知识产权利益平衡理论

从法经济分析的角度解释,著作权法是维护创作者与投资者经济上诱因的制度工具,虽然其客体作为无形财产,具有不同于有体财产的特殊性,但该特殊性仅体现在法律构造的具体设计上,而不能推翻法经济分析的基本预设。法经济分析中的事前分析与边际分析,以及对理性人假设与财产权功能的正确定位,都有助于使著作权更好地融入现有成熟的财产权这制度中,而不是仅仅因客体的特殊性而主张将著作权与传统财产权分离。动辄以利益平衡解决著作权法中的问题,不但无法实现平衡目标,还将导致著作权制度在效率上的缺失。     

“当判则判”与“调判结合”——基于实务和操作层面的分析

调解优先的司法政策并不意味着调解万能,其意义在于进一步促进调解在民事诉讼中的作用,并适应社会需求,在刑事、行政领域引进协商性因素。在民事诉讼中,调解优先符合私法自治原则,当事人处分权优先于公共利益考量,除法律明确禁止或限制的情形外,调解与协商和解是当事人的权利,也是法官的义务和责任,一般不能因公共利益而否定或限制调解。我国民事诉讼法的基本原则、制度制约、当事人处分权与法院职权的结合、相应的救济机制等,可以保证调解的正当性和效益。同时,诉讼调解必然以判决作为后盾,调判结合并非选择性安排,而是司法诉讼制度的必然。从实务角度出发,准确把握调判结合的原则和尺度、规避调解风险至关重要。从长远的发展而言,调判结合仍可进一步通过制度创新实现多元功能和价值。     

中法两国公务员救济制度的比较分析——以完善中国公务员救济制度为视角

在法国,为了防止行政主体的侵害,公务员具有行政上的保护手段和司法上的保护手段;在中国,公务员只能通过申诉控告维护自己的权益。中法两国在公务员救济制度方面的不同缘于两国在公务员关系理论、权利规定及行政诉讼等方面的不同。借鉴法国的经验,结合我国的具体国情,完善中国的公务员救济制度应该从以下三个方面着手：第一,摒弃特别权力关系理论;第二,扩大公务员权利范围;第三,完善公务员救济途径。