TRIPS agreement and public health crisis in developing countries： Problems and solutions

While the health crisis in developing world has caused innumerable deaths, the balance between patent protection and public health attracts lots of debates globally. This paper examines the legal background for the access problems of essential drugs in developing countries, evaluates TRIPS agreement and the WTO decisions in theory, argues both patent protection for pharmaceuticals and TRIPS agreement are the genuine causes for the access problem, then attempts to provide some suggestions and evaluations for the possible solutions. Though the development of national pharmaceutical industries, adoption of early working exemptions, compulsory license, parallel import, acquirements of generic drugs and discount drugs, amendments of TRIPS agreement are all beneficial measures, the access problem may only be solved at an international level.     

服务贸易补贴的多边规则

鉴于补贴对服务贸易可能产生的扭曲作用,建立和完善服务贸易补贴的多边规则无疑是十分重要的。GATS有关服务贸易补贴的现行规定主要体现为第15条,另外,GATS第2条、第17条等也对其有间接规范作用。这些规定均存在缺陷与不足,所以,服务贸易的多边谈判仍将服务贸易补贴作为其项下一个重要议题。但是,截至目前为止,谈判还未取得重要进展。我国应积极关注和参与谈判,并以适当的方式设置我国的服务贸易补贴。     

气候保护和环境正义——气候保护的国际法律框架和发展中国家的参与模式

气候保护国际法律框架的公正性是发展中国家积极参与国际气候保护合作的一个重要前提条件。"人均平等排放权"原则作为分配减排义务的原则在法律上符合正义原则。这一原则应作为评价发展中国家在未来的气候保护法律框架中应承担的义务模式的标准。     

网络化行政生态的理论审视

网络时代的到来向实体政府施加了不容回避的影响力,＂网络化生存＂的政府只有顺应时代转型的内在要求,实施政府再造,方能在网络时代维系其合法性和权威性。在网络时代面临再造重任的政府,必须对其所处的全新环境做出理性认知与判断。本文对网络化行政生态的描述集中于四个方面：网络政治的勃兴、网络经济的崛起、网络社会的成型、网络文化的繁盛。     

Opinion 1/15 of the Grand Chamber dated 26 July 2017 about the agreement on Passenger Name Record data between the EU and Canada

On 26 July 2017, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice rendered its seminal Opinion 1/15 about the agreement on Passenger Name Record data between the EU and Canada. The Grand Chamber considered that the decision of the Council about the conclusion, on behalf of the Union, of the agreement between the EU and Canada about the transfer and processing of PNR data must be based jointly on Article 16(2) about the protection of personal data and Article 87(2)(a) about police co-operation among member states in criminal matters, but not on Article 82(1)(d) about judicial co-operation in criminal matters in the EU of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU. The Grand Chamber also considered that the agreement is incompatible with Article 7 on the right to respect for private life, Article 8 on the right to the protection of personal data, Article 21 on non-discrimination and Article 52(1) on the principle of proportionality of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU since it does not preclude the transfer, use and retention of sensitive data. In addition to the requirement to exclude such data, the Grand Chamber listed seven requirements that the agreement must include, specify, limit or guarantee to be compatible with the Charter.The opinion of the Grand Chamber has far-reaching implications for the agreement on PNR data between the EU and Canada. It has also far-reaching implications for international agreements on PNR data between the EU and other third states. Last, it has far-reaching implications for Directive 681 of 27 April 2016 on PNR data.     

Climate Change and Environmental Security: For Whom the Discourse Shifts

This article explores the implications of the April 2007 United Nations Security debate on the security dimensions of a changing climate for international climate change politics. Specifically, our analysis focuses on whether and how security concerns have been addressed in past international political debates on climate change and considers whether the Security Council debate, which emphasized the threat of climate-related conflict, reflects a discursive shift. We elaborate on two general discourses on the relationship between environment and security, which we call environmental conflict and environmental security . Using content and discourse analysis, we demonstrate that both the historical climate change debate and the more recent Security Council debate have been informed by the environmental security discourse, meaning that a discursive shift has not taken place. We conclude by considering the possibility of a future discursive shift to the environmental conflict perspective and argue that such a shift would be counterproductive to the search for an effective global response to climate change.     

关于提高环卫职工社会地位的思考

提高环卫职工社会地位 ,必须加大社会舆论宣传 ;建立环卫行业多渠道融资机制 ;强化法制建设 ,切实维护环卫职工合法权益 ;提高环卫职工自身素质。     

环卫设施腐蚀问题的研究

针对环卫设施容易遭到垃圾及其降解产物的腐蚀问题 ,强调从设计入手重视腐蚀问题。并以北京市垃圾处理设施构筑物腐蚀为例 ,提出防腐蚀基本措施和工程实例 ,确保环卫设施的安全运行。     

环境法理念初探

法律的价值取向是法律制度设计的精神家园。从全面把握自然属性的视角出发 ,本文详细阐述了环境法的一系列基本理念 ,将一些传统法的理念予以重新定位 ,以适应环境法的革命性需求。文中分析了可持续发展与环境法的互动 ,探索了环境安全在环境法价值体系中的地位 ,提出了构建人与自然相和谐的环境秩序 ,并追求跨越种际、代际的环境正义。