思想.制度.工具

各国国家安全体系建设的相关经验,可以为总体国家安全观指导下的中国国家安全体系建设提供参考和借鉴。国家安全体系一般都有一些必不可少的基本构成要素,但由于各国历史文化、内外环境和发展需求等方面的差异,这些要素的演变历程、具体内容和实际作用可能大不相同。作为超级大国,美国拥有最为庞大、完备且富于自身特色的国家安全体系。这个体系主要由指导思想、法律制度和保障工具三类要素构成。其指导思想是维护全球性主导地位,并带有绝对安全倾向;决策机制既遵循一套完整的跨部门分级流程,也涉及各种非正式决策模式;法律制度与监管机制系统完备;保障工具与手段多样有力,包括超强的军事能力与联盟体系、强大的经济实力与情报体系以及广泛的社会基础。然而,作为一个在冷战中形成的“安全化国家”,美国的安全目标与手段、资源之间存在持续张力;空前庞大的国家安全体系也会受到内外条件的制约,经常陷入能力捉襟见肘、行为进退失据的境地;尽管在国际体系中拥有显著的“权力优势”,美国同样面临发展利益与安全利益之间的矛盾。     

尊让与监督:美国防疫诉讼与公共卫生安全治理

法治是公共卫生安全治理中的重要组成部分。美国公共卫生安全治理中始终存在一系列权力与权利的矛盾关系。其中主要矛盾是州政府行使治安权保护公共卫生安全与个人权利之间的冲突。要有效落实防疫政策等公共卫生安全治理举措,必须在公共卫生安全利益与个人权利间实现平衡。司法权能够裁决争议、抑止损害,持续对公共卫生安全治理产生重要影响。历史上,美国法院在公共卫生案件中采取司法尊让立场,推动了公共卫生安全治理的发展。当前,法院对政府其他分支机构行使权力的司法监督增强。新冠肺炎疫情下,美国公共卫生安全法治缺乏必要的稳定性,法院难以通过司法方式有效平衡公共卫生安全利益与个人权利。这不仅削弱了美国司法体系对公共卫生安全治理的影响力,也加深了美国公共卫生安全治理的困境。     

对国家安全特点与治理原则的思考

近年来,世界各国越来越重视国家安全问题,并把它放在国家治理中越来越重要的位置,中国也不例外。然而,不少人对国家安全的理解还存在较大偏差,主要表现在要么笼统抽象地谈论国家安全,要么只是关注国家安全的某一个方面,对国家安全涉及问题的系统性讨论不多,即使那些为数不多的讨论也不够全面和深入。有效进行国家安全治理,需要全面、系统和深入地厘清“国家安全”概念的内涵和外延,以及国家安全与其他价值之间的关系,并在此基础上探讨国家安全治理的原则和路径。国家安全是一个内涵极为丰富的概念,具有多面性、关联性、变动性、相对性、非唯一性、主观性和社会性等特征,深入研究和把握国家安全要有总体安全思维,从总体安全的角度全面审视我们面临的挑战,借鉴中外历史经验和教训,并在此基础上加以认真应对。因此,国家安全治理的路径选择至少应遵循总体、全面、兼顾、适度、平衡、顺势与合作等原则。     

多元一统:宋辽夏金法律文化的融合

李唐之初,以《唐律疏议》为代表的中华法系的建立,凝聚了中华民族的法律精神和治理智慧。中国传统法律文化上的"民本"理念呈现出以和为贵、追求和谐的鲜明"中国"精神价值特色。唐季以降,随着长城体系的打破,中华法系在农耕与游牧生产方式交织影响下,"民本"理念中增加了多民族和谐共存的内容。整体法律价值出现天下一体、文化正朔、民族共融的新补充。宋、辽、夏、金政权对峙期间,各政权围绕客观上异民族多元文化共存这一前提进行法律治理新模式的建构。两宋在"大一统"框架下推进法律"一道德、同风俗"的模式。辽朝在南北异质文化下探索法律互通的模式。西夏在"蕃汉兼备"多元文化下兼容各种法律模式。金朝全面接受两宋法律治理模式。这些尝试的结果奠定了中国国家法律治理的基本版图,完善了多民族共生共存的治理经验,加强了统一政权的认同感。这种努力使传统中国国家法律治理模式获得了道路试错与经验积累,具有多元一统的法律文化特征,融合了中国各民族法律文化,极大丰富了中华法系的内涵。     

从国家治理的角度看我国民族关系走向

民族关系走向是影响国家现代化进程的重要因素之一,在全球化加速、市场经济成为人们共识的社会转型时期更是如此。为确保社会平稳转型和国家长治久安,必须按照党的十八届三中全会提出的完善国家治理体系、提高治理能力的要求,与时俱进地调整好转型时期的民族关系;通过制度创新和治理能力的提高逐步推进我国民族关系的交往交流交融,在逐步淡化公民族群意识的基础上形成国族意识,不断推进中华民族一体化。     

‘Who are ya?’ The national identities and belongings of British Asian football fans

British Asian men and women are known to be passionate followers of football, travelling far and wide to support the England men's team. Yet, despite evidence to support this, it is popularly thought that they cannot be authentic supporters of the nation as their loyalties are divided between England and their ancestral places of ‘home’. The findings of Ratna's research are mainly based on the oral testimonies of British Asian male and female football players/fans. Using their stories about following the game, her paper unpacks notions of national belonging by specifically exploring the interconnections of race, ethnicity, religion and gender. She argues that national inclusiveness is not guaranteed for British Asian fans; the changing articulations of race, ethnicity, religion and gender may lead to contingent, contradictory and complex patterns of national inclusiveness and exclusiveness.     

我国警察体育述评

警察体育是警察警务工作且特殊育警实战训练方式。中国警察体育其目标定在警察体育与警务实战强警的塑造,以促进国家安全、社会稳定为依托,建设我国特色警察体育学科教育训练体系,警察训练理论与公安实践相结合,以提高警察战斗力,增强实战体能、掌握警察技能和警察战术应用,才是我国警察体育发展的主要内涵和价值观。     

From Big Data to Knowledge: An Ontological Approach to Big Data Analytics

The introduction of Big Data sets in the healthcare domain has presented opportunities to engage in analytics of very large sets containing both structured and unstructured data. With advances in information technology (IT), these data sets have become available from diverse sources at greatly increased rates. The availability of Big Data sets has introduced complexities that we must address, not only in terms of semantics and analytics but also in terms of data management, storage, and distribution. Currently, the capabilities to ingest, analyze, and manage multipetabyte data sets have underscored the limitations of our analytics capabilities supported by relational database management systems. This essay argues that an ontology‐based approach to data analytics provides a practical framework to address the semantic challenges presented by Big Data sets. No ontological framework can address the operational and management requirements introduced by the availability of Big Data sets, however. There are also a number of IT architectural factors that must be considered in implementing such a framework.     

Big Data and U.S. Public Policy

This paper examines the growing recognition of the phenomenon called “Big Data” and the policy implications it poses. It is argued that a core policy issue is personal and organizational privacy. At the same time there is a belief that analysis of “Big Data” offers potentially to provide public sector policy makers with extensive new information that would inform policy at unprecedentedly detailed levels. Despite this potential to improve the policy‐making process data often contain individual identifiable information that would negatively impact American core values such as privacy. This makes the use of these data almost impossible. The paper recognizes that there may be a way to strip individual data from Big Data sets thereby making their analysis more policy useful. This approach is not at this time technically feasible but research is ongoing.     

Creating other options: negotiating the meanings of citizenships

In this article, I explore the ways in which citizenship is reinvented and reinterpreted through local understandings and experiences. I show how Israeli citizens who had applied for another citizenship create a distinction between their Israeli citizenship, which they conceptualize in terms of identity and belonging, and their ‘European passport’, which they depict as a technical non-obliging document, thus neutralizing the challenge it poses on questions of national loyalty. However, the other sought after citizenship, which represents a legally binding attachment to a nation-state, paradoxically becomes a powerful symbol of freedom, embodying other life possibilities and allowing for an active negotiation of belonging.