国家与公民的合意——论行政诉讼和解

行政法的传统学说因强调行政行为的公权性和不可处分性,强调行政诉讼不同于民事诉讼的特性,因而在行政诉讼中排斥国家与公民的合意,中国行政诉讼实定法明文规定“行政诉讼不适用调解”,但在域外,尤其是法治发达国家,行政诉讼和解则是通行的制度,行政诉讼中是存在合意的。文章辨析了“和解”与“调解”,分析了我国行政诉讼中和解的实际状况,着力论证了在我国行政诉讼中引入和解制度的可行性、必要性及必要的限制。     

Unclogging Courts by Targeting Litigant Incentives: The Case of the Brazilian Labour Justice Reform

Overburdened courts hinder economic and social progress, yet successful court reforms are rare. Instead of boosting judicial resources or adapting procedure, Brazil tackled persistent backlogs and delays in its labour courts by replacing the pre-existing each-pays-their-own-costs (American) rule for allocation of litigation expenses with an alternative loser-pays-all (English) rule. Using a newly assembled court-level panel dataset and difference-in-differences approach, we show that the reform alleviated the courts' demand pressures and, most importantly, increased court efficacy in both adjudication and enforcement. The Brazilian experience offers valuable policy lessons about viable court reforms for other jurisdictions.     

Ausmaß, Strukturen und Implikationen präsidialer Macht im postkommunistischen Raum

This research note builds on recent results of the literature on presidentialism to develop a new measure of presidential power. The Index of Presidential Power (IPP) differentiates three dimensions: legitimacy, legislative and non‐legislative powers. The IPP can be used for all types of governmental systems in different political regimes. For the first time the IPP estimates presidential power granted by the constitution in all 28 post‐communist countries. This information is collected in the IPP data set, which is used to carry out analyses at the aggregate level as well as at the level of the individual presidential power dimensions. Results show that the semi‐presidential category is of little use. The comparison of the IPP with alternative indices of presidential power in post‐communist countries indicates that political analysis should give more attention to presidential power structures.     

利用税收杠杆发展非营利性科研机构

非营利性科研机构的发展离不开政府的财政支持。政府应利用税收杠杆尤其是各种税收 支出形式,刺激、引导和调节非营利性科研机构的发展。     

中国行政诉讼调解制度的现状与课题

对制度的设计者来说 ,建立完备的行政纠纷解决方式的体系 ,是保障行政相对人的合法权益 ,促进行政机关依法行政的必然要求。为制度的使用者考量 ,也应建立多种纠纷解决方式 ,从而落实当事人的程序选择权。面对行政诉讼调解制度出现的困境 ,中国行政诉讼制度的重构需要解决一些重要的课题 ,如在调解中怎样实现自愿与平等协商 ,如何实现调解与审判的协调 ,如何保障当事人的反悔权利以及和解契约的拘束力问题等等     

行政诉讼中的平等保护研究

在我国宪法诉讼与违宪审查机制尚未建立的情况下 ,要解决行政权行使过程中的“歧视”、“不公平对待”的问题 ,有效途径是在行政诉讼中建立平等保护机制。行政诉讼的平等保护机制既包含公民平等保护请求权又包括法院的平等保护审查权。通过这一对互动的权利 (权力 )来实现司法权对行政权的监督 ,保障受到行政权侵犯的公民权利受到平等保护的救济。     

Social networks and non‐market strategy

To date, the field of non‐market strategy has little to offer in the way of an integrated perspective on the simultaneous management of strategic issues and corporate stakeholders. This paper employs social network analysis to make a number of theoretically grounded conjectures about the delicate relationships between stakeholder behaviour and issue evolution. It is found that social network analysis has the potential to enrich and integrate theoretical perspectives in the field of non‐market strategy, offering solutions to a set of previously unresolved puzzles. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

对侦查羁押制度的反思

中国曾经以前苏联为模式,构建了自己的刑事司法制度。然而,1992年,俄罗斯联邦在刑事司法制度方面进行了意义深远的改革:在审判前阶段建立了司法审查制度。从而使犯罪嫌疑人、被告人获得了“为权利而斗争”的机会。面对俄罗斯的刑事司法改革,我们不得不反思我国侦查羁押制度的种种弊端。违法羁押、超期羁押之所以屡见不鲜,且侦查羁押的适用呈现出工具化、普遍化的现象,究其根本,在于对侦查羁押的认识存在种种误区。为此,有必要对侦查羁押的属性及其正当性、侦查羁押应当体现的诉讼理念、限制侦查羁押的法律原则进行理性的思考,从而为构建合理的侦查羁押制度提供理论支持。     

美国公益诉讼制度及其启示

公益诉讼是一种新型的诉讼模式。作为公益诉讼的创始国,美国已形成健全的公益诉讼制度。我国引进公益诉讼制度时应借鉴和参考美国公益诉讼制度。     

论德国行政诉讼中司法权的边界

德国行政诉讼中法院的受案范围几乎不受限制。行政法院对行政案件有完全的管辖权,可以主动、全面、深入地审查事实问题与法律问题,一般无须尊重行政机关在事实判断方面的专业知识与经验。不过,自上个世纪70年代以来,由于行政判断余地等理论的发展,行政法院对行政主体进行强势监督与制约的格局有所松动。另外,行政法院在判决与执行中恪守权力分立原则。德国行政诉讼中这一权力边界格局的形成,是与其宪政体制、法院分工、法定法官原则、二战后对公民权利的重视以及发达的公法理论等紧密相关的。