Spanish Supreme Court provides limited relief for data controllers

Earlier this year the Spanish Supreme Court gave judgment on an application to annul the data protection regulations set out in Royal Decree 1720/2007 and to refer the Spanish implementation of the Data Protection Directive to the European Court of Justice. The application was partially successful. Some sections of the Royal Decree have been annulled but much of it was upheld. The Supreme Court also referred the Spanish implementation of the legitimate interests processing condition (art. 7(f) of the Data Protection Directive) to the European Court of Justice. The European Court of Justice’s decision could have a material impact on data controllers in Spain. If the legitimate interest condition is finally recognised it should make data protection compliance significantly easier.     

基因权的私法证成和价值分析

人类基因本质上是一种人格利益,通过法解释的路径能够在私法上生成基因权概念。在私法上,基因权是人基于自己的特定基因而享有的权利,属于人格权范畴,包括基因平等权、基因自主权、基因隐私权、基因公开权等。基因公开权具有财产权属性,是基因人格权在不可让渡规则下的延伸,公开只是基因人格利益的物化之利用。基因权存在的正当性基础在于自然权利的实质法源。基因权的法价值在于人性尊严之表彰、人格利益之维护、技术理性之历练等方面。     

权力控制与政府信息公开的困境

《政府信息公开条例》的颁布,为我国政府信息公开提供了规范依据,具有重要意义。然而,由于政府自身存在私利,在不受控制的权力作用之下,政府会为了实现私利而将其掌握的信息加以垄断,由此产生形形色色的不公开的政府信息。因此,政府信息公开所面临的主要难题乃是如何实现对政府权力的控制。而在我国,《政府信息公开条例》的规范在权力控制方面有所欠缺,而权力受到内在或外在控制的宪政机制在我国难以发挥有效作用。这正是我国政府信息公开所面临的各种困境的真正成因。     

浅析有限责任制度下债权人利益的保护

自有限责任制度创立以来,关于其利与弊的争议就没有停止过.效率与安全作为公司法的两大价值目标,如何在投资者的利益与债权人的利益之间取舍,如何做到平衡兼顾成为公司法关注的重点.在有限责任制度的框架下,如何在最大程度地保护债权人利益的同时又不失其鼓励投资的积极性是值得探讨的课题.同时,金融危机也更多地暴露了有限责任制度的逐利...     

论公共决策中的公民参与

公共决策中的公民参与是经济政治发展的必然产物,作为衡量一个国家民主化程度的重要标准受到越来越多的关注。中国的公民参与存在一些限制性因素,与公众高涨的参与热情相冲突。应该在充分肯定公民参与价值的基础上,区分政策类型、寻找灵活的参与方式,满足公民参与的要求。从多方面努力,建立起有序的、常态的公民参与体制。     

毛泽东国家利益观的理论与实践渊源

任何一种思想都不能凭空产生,一定有着深厚的理论渊源及其实践意蕴,毛泽东国家利益观的形成和发展也不例外。考察毛泽东国家利益观形成和发展的全过程,不难看出其理论渊源及实践意蕴既有中国优秀传统思想的滋润,又有马克思主义科学理论的直接启迪,更有中国近现代社会革命实践的洗礼与熏陶。研究和探讨毛泽东国家利益观的理论渊源及其实践意蕴,对于如何正确理解和认真把握马克思主义中国化时代化大众化的基本内涵与科学真谛无疑具有十分重要的理论启迪意义和现实指导意义。     

农民工转化为城市居民的路径锁定与突破

城市化伴随着农村人口向城镇的转移,农村剩余劳动力转移到城市中边际报酬为正的产业部门,是推动城市化与经济增长的基本动力。而我国农民工转化为城市居民存在户籍、社会保障、教育等制度障碍。为促进农民分享城市化与经济增长的收益,需要打破农民工转化为市民的路径锁定,实施制度创新,需要解决因城市化发展与农民权益缺失的矛盾,让农民工享受与城市居民相等的权益或待遇。     

Complete Cardiac Rupture Associated with Closed Chest Cardiac Massage: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Chest skeletal injuries are the most frequent complications of external chest massage (ECM) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but heart and great vessels lacerations that are indeed very rare. We report the case of a 35‐year‐old workman who collapsed and underwent ECM by his co‐workers for almost 30 min. At autopsy, no external injuries, fractures or bruises of the ribs or sternum, were observed. A hemopericardium with a rupture of the heart was found, with no signs of pre‐existent cardiac disease. Bruises of thoracic aortic wall, lung petechiae, a contusion of the liver, and bruises of lumbar muscles were found. The cause of death was due to sudden cardiac death with an extensive cardiac rupture. This is an unusual report of massive heart damage without any skeletal or muscle chest injuries, secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This kind of cardiac lesions may be considered when thoracic–abdominal trauma, or medical history, is unclear.     

Diplomatic Interactions and Negotiations

This article examines the role of state actors, organization agencies, and individual agents in diplomatic interactions and negotiations. States as diplomatic actors, organizations as diplomatic agencies, and individuals as diplomatic agents enter into complex and interdependent relationships. Proposing a three‐level analysis of interstate interactions and diplomatic negotiations, I argue that no diplomatic negotiation happens without interactions between parties at the state, organizational, and individual levels. The agency–structure paradigm provides a conceptual framework for understanding behavioral and structural properties of international interactions and their influence on diplomatic negotiations. Diplomatic negotiation employs specific forms of interaction, using a distinct language, protocol norms, symbols, ceremonies, and rituals. The state's “self” (as a social conception of its identity, values, and interests) affects the process of diplomatic negotiation. By managing, organizing, and improving international interactions at the actor, agency, and agent levels, negotiating parties can advance the process and effectiveness of diplomatic negotiation.     

嫖宿幼女罪保护法益的正本清源——兼谈嫖宿幼女罪未来的修法方向

嫖宿幼女罪保护的并非"社会善良风俗"、"保护幼女"的社会观念或者"禁止卖淫嫖娼"的社会管理秩序等社会法益,也不宜界定为"身心健康"或者"健全人格养成"等个人法益。从本罪应然的立法目的考量,应当将其保护的法益界定为"性生理、心理的健全成长权",而且,嫖宿幼女这一客观的行为模式也不足以导致对其需要单独制罪,因此,应当将本罪回归由奸淫幼女型强奸罪和猥亵儿童罪进行规制,同时考虑到新旧法之间的衔接以及幼女卖淫的特殊动态,建议在强奸罪和猥亵儿童罪中增设对嫖宿幼女行为的相应规定。