Historical tradition and community mobilisation: narratives of Red Clydeside in memories of the anti-poll tax movement in Scotland, 1988–1990

Contemporary scholarship has shifted focus from a ‘labour history’ focused on industrial movements to a more comprehensive ‘working-class history’, encompassing the broader social parameters of protest with community and industrial struggles unified in material interest and consciousness. This article locates the poll tax non-payment campaign of 1988–1990 on Clydeside, a major expression of working-class mobilisation which contributed to the demise of Margaret Thatcher’s premiership, within this international historiography. The analysis is based on oral history interviews with twelve activists who represented all the major political trends from the non-payment campaign. The anti-poll tax movement was embedded in traditions of community mobilisation shaped by a moral economy of housing and amenities, which had roots in the First World War era ‘Red Clydeside’ struggles, and developed through the post-Second World War predominance of public sector housing. The analysis demonstrates how activists constructed narratives of their own resistance in the anti-poll tax movement within a powerful cultural circuit, where the collective memory of past mobilisations and the consciousness associated with the moral economy of housing and amenities informed contemporary perspectives and political activity. The campaign was not politically monocultural. Differences between political groups involved in the non-payment campaign are analysed showing that the need of composure (of memories) led to contrasting interpretations of Red Clydeside. These were influenced by geographical distinctions between traditional working-class areas with strong tenants’ organisations and the peripheral estates where such organisation was weaker. The impact of deindustrialisation and the welfare policies of the Thatcher government created a popular resentment in these areas. This strengthened moral economy opposition to the poll tax, whilst the traditions of community mobilisation provided effective means of harnessing this through non-payment and direct action against sheriff officers.     

意思自治精神与法官的角色

意思自治精神一般要求法官在民事纠纷审判过程中原则上只是在双方意见不一致而提出请求裁定申请时才进行介入。但在我国民事审判中,当事人意思自治精神却被限制在十分狭小的领域,法庭投入了较大的热情,积极调查取证、询问证人,去发现案件事实,甚至不惜违背作为现代审判基础的不告不理原则。笔者针对最高人民法院的《若干规定》,建议在我国民事审判中明确规定“积极否认事实的自白”以及“权利自白”的法律效力。     

India＇s Look East Policy and north-eastern states： An overview

To become an economic developed country, every country needs to look for its trade and commerce because it is one of the most prominent factors. Hence, the present study is an endeavor to highlight ＂India＇s Look East Policy and its northeastern states＂. The methodology adopted here is mainly based on secondary data and information, the sources of which have been compiled from different national and international journals and related books, etc.. India＇s involvement in the enterprises of ASEAN （Association of South East Asian Nations） for economic corporation was initiated in the year 1991 with the function of ＂Look East Policy＂. ASEAN countries have emerged as significant entities among India＇s most dynamic trade partners. Undoubtedly, north-east India has the potential to become gateway to the east, which can help trade and commerce with ASEAN countries to flourish.     

道德话语系统与压力型司法的路径选择

面对道德困境案件的日趋增多,司法之道德话语系统的社会意义得以凸现,法官往往需要将目光往返于法律话语系统与道德话语系统,充分反映民众的共同道德观,并自觉拒斥虚妄的民意诉求对司法的消极影响。当然,也使难办案件意义上的司法裁判被简缩为冲击—回应的被动过程,从而形成了一种基于外在压力影响但又需要慎重对待的压力型司法。如果现代司法放弃建立纯而又纯的法条主义之梦,而将道德话语系统融入司法的价值判断,那么压力型司法将在以道德论证弥补法律之确定性的裂缝以及以判决书说理制度增加司法判决的可接受性之方法选择中走出困境。     

司法理念的更新与冤案的终结——以对刑讯逼供深度分析为切入点

在我国近年发生的影响较大的冤案中普遍存在刑讯逼供现象,这是口供中心主义的刑诉传统所致,而偏重口供证据则根源于追求以客观事实为基础的司法理想。但这一司法理想很难通过构建一整套标准清晰、便于操作的制度体系将其转化为现实。当前口供——事实——客观事实这一闭合链条,使最理想的司法追求在实践中通常会转变成最现实的司法,想尽一切让当事人把事实说出来。这既是口供被视为证据之王的现实动力,亦是刑讯逼供难以根除的文化根源。要想从根本上破解这些难题、彻底终结冤案的发生,应当以理智的态度努力完成从以客观事实到以法律事实为基础的司法理念的更新,重新构建司法公信力。     

基于营救目的实施的逼供行为之法律效果——以欧洲人权法院Gfgen v.Germany案判决为例

在欧洲人权法院看来,基于营救目的实施的逼供行为违反《欧洲人权公约》第3条,应当排除被告人于审前程序作出的所有认罪口供。在被告人于庭审时重新作出认罪口供的情况下,欧洲人权法院认为,以不人道待遇获取的认罪口供洐生的实物证据可以不排除。内国法院使用这样的实物证据用于检验该认罪口供的真实性并未侵犯被告人不自证己罪的权利和公平审判的权利。     

从纸上谈兵到水滴石穿——非法口供排除程序的构造反思

高举人权保障大旗的刑事诉讼立法淡化了刑事诉讼构造的路径选择,但是,基于一种结构缺陷,我国新近立法所确立和完善的审判前供述排除规则很容易沦为纸面上的法而难以转化为行动中的法。一方面,因为没有庭前法官和庭审法官的分离与法官和陪审团的分权,一元化的法庭可能会造成非法获取的口供从大门排除又从窗户跳进,而口供排除和宣读口供的两阶段在质证上存在着叠床架屋,更有为普遍地采纳审判前供述这一传闻证据背书的反其道而行之的趋势。另一方面,控辩不平等导致庭审最终落入长于法律辩论而轻视事实调查的旧习,而法官也陷入到底是积极调查还是消极听审的内在职责冲突之中。因此,本文设想以案例指导跳脱立法中心主义的虚无缥缈,以配套程序摆脱实质判断标准的人言人殊。     

性别性受苦——中国贵州苗族中年妇女关于家庭暴力的口述见证

这篇文章根据我们在贵州苗族地区所收集的口述故事书写而成.从1999到2004年,我们采用口述见证方法（oral testimony）作为我们社区发展的一种策略,尝试从苗族妇女的生命故事中,理解她们面对的困难与需要,从而让我们更能够与她们一起推动社区发展的项目和计划.我们推动口述故事项目背后,还有女性主义的关怀,希望这些偏远山区的边缘妇女能够通过口述故事发声,让我们能够聆听她们被隐没的需要,理解在家庭和社区中各种形塑她们生命历程的社会力量.在这研究中,我们特别发现中年妇女生命中面对的苦难大多与家庭相关,她们不断述说家庭的负担、家庭冲突、家庭暴力、丈夫酗酒等的问题.阅读她们的生命故事,我们得出的结论是,家庭暴力是她们主要面对的苦难之一,而这苦难是当地妇女的集体经验,是性别性和制度性的.在这文章中,我们特别希望指出,当地家庭暴力产生的根源并非是单一性的,而是父权制度、农村贫困、传统文化习惯等交织在一起,形塑了她们生命的遭遇和苦难.     

我国诉讼监督的一个难点及其破解——析“严禁”语境下的刑讯逼供

我国刑事实体法与程序法均严格禁止刑讯逼供,但在刑事诉讼中刑讯逼供却禁而难止,因刑讯逼供受到查处者为数不多,以致刑法第247条几近虚置。究其原因,一是刑讯逼供合法性的顽固观念妨碍了对刑讯逼供、暴力取证行为的查处;二是对刑讯逼供、暴力取证行为发现不及时;三是对刑讯逼供、暴力取证行为的监督尚有缺位。解决这一问题,首先需要转变司法理念,改善检察监督执法环境;其次,建立顺畅、有效的检察监督机制;再次,对刑讯逼供、暴力取证罪的刑事责任进行立法重构。     

葛根芩连口服液质量标准研究

目的：提供葛根芩连口服液质量控制标准。方法：建立了采用同一块薄层板、同一种展开剂同时鉴定葛根、黄芩、黄连三味药的薄层色谱定性方法;并采用薄层色谱扫描法对葛根素进行定量。结果：经方法学考察,葛要素在０．５￣３．０μｇ范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率９７．０１％。结论：定性鉴别简便快速,专属性强;定量分析准确、重现性好,可全面控制葛根芩连口服液的质量。