侦查机关内设鉴定机构的负面影响与消解

侦查活动的特殊性使其染指于司法鉴定,侦查机关基于侦查工作之必要内设鉴定机构。侦查机关内设的鉴定机构又因侦查的追诉性质在鉴定活动中难以保持中立性,致使侦查机关的鉴定机构的性质与法律的中立性要求出现一些紧张关系,在诉讼中造成了一些负面影响。司法鉴定制度的改革旨在借助司法行政部门对司法鉴定的统一管理来催生侦查机关的鉴定机构和侦查活动相分离,从而保持侦查机关的鉴定机构具有相对的独立性,并通过制度调整后的外在监督力量与程序的制约机制来缓解这一紧张关系,以促进侦查机关的鉴定机构在诉讼中真正发挥发现事实真相的作用。     

论公司机关关系的异化与重构——兼对“三权分立”公司机关关系理论之质疑

在公司存在控制股东的情况下,股东大会决议实际上只能反映控制股东的意志,沦为控制股东利益的代言人,而由股东大会选举产生的董事会和监事会也就变相地沦为控制股东的＂傀儡＂,三者之间根本就不可能形成理论上所说的公司机关之间的分权制衡关系。只有将监事会独立于普通股东大会,改由类别股东大会选举产生,同时实行监事资格制度,才能真正发挥其对董事会的监督功能。     

论英美信托财产双重所有权在中国的本土化

双重所有权是英美法信托制度中精巧的法律制度设计,但它与我国单一所有权理念格格不入。我国移植了信托制度,但没有妥善解决双重所有权的本土化问题,由此导致信托财产所有权归属模糊不清、受益权性质悬而未决、信托登记名存实亡。分析表明,是否采用双重所有权的形式并不重要,关键是本土化的制度设计能否实现同样的制度功能。在大陆法系的框架下,由受托人享有信托财产的单一所有权,同时受益人享有对受托人的债权请求权,这种设计既可以发挥信托制度的功能,又能够避免对我国传统物权制度造成巨大冲击,有助于实现信托制度的本土化。     

英美辅警体系研究：比较与借鉴

国内学术界对英美国家的辅警研究有一种泛化倾向,把一些本不属于辅警体系的治安力量纳入其中。事实上,在英国,辅警包括Special Constable和Police Community Support Officer两种,而在美国,辅警指的是Auxiliary Police。目前,我国并没有真正的辅警体系,而警力的严重不足又使基层公安机关离不开辅警的支持,可以借鉴英关模式建立我国的辅警体系,包括治安辅警和交通辅警两种类型。     

Increased Lung Weights in Drug‐related Fatalities

This study is of autopsy data for potential validation as to whether increased weights of the lungs support toxic effects of drugs as the cause of death. This retrospective study compared data from 133 deaths resulting from the toxic effects of drugs with previously reported normal lung weights (Toxicol Mech Methods, 22, 2012, 159; Am J Forensic Med Pathol 33, 2012, 368). The lung weights and their standard errors were used in a two‐sample independent t‐test comparing the average drug‐related death weight to the average control weights. To account for multiple comparisons, a Bonferroni‐adjusted alpha level of 0.0125 was used. We are 98.75% confident that the mean right lung weight for female drug‐related deaths is between 227 and 377 g greater than the mean right lung weight for female non‐drug‐related deaths. We are 98.75% confident that the mean right lung weight for male drug‐related deaths is between 245 and 378 g greater than the mean right lung weight for male non‐drug‐related deaths.     

未成年人犯罪非刑罚处置制度构建

非刑事化、非监禁化和轻刑化已经成为国际社会对未成年犯处置的主流手段。建立、健全未成年人犯罪非刑罚处置立法和未成年人犯罪非刑罚处置社区矫正机构,科学设置未成年人犯罪非刑罚处置社区矫正项目,构建适合我国国情的未成年人犯罪非刑罚处置制度意义深远。     

立检为公维护公平正义

公平正义是社会主义法治理念的基本内涵之一,也是社会主义法治的根本追求.在经济转型与和谐社会的构建中,检察机关对于维护公平正义具有特殊的重要作用.只有建立素质较高的职业检察官队伍,提高法律监督能力,检察机关才能正确地实施法律监督权,维护公平正义.     

论我国检察机关领导体制和职权的改革与完善

改革完善我国检察机关的领导体制和职权需要坚持以下基本思路:坚持以宪法为依据;坚持以强化法律监督,维护公平正义为方向;坚持以人权保障为重点.在领导体制方面:应当在检察机关内部实行检察长领导下的民主集中制;赋予上级检察院对下级检察院检察长以提名权;在制度上保证检察一体原则得以实现.在检察职权方面:应当赋予检察机关在刑事审前程序中的司法审查功能;赋予检察机关在自诉案件中,当刑事自诉人由于特定原因不能继续参加或者维持诉讼的情况下担当诉讼的职权;落实并加强民事和行政领域中检察机关的法律监督权;赋予检察机关代表国家提起公益诉讼的职权.     

和谐社会语境下检察机关功能的重新定位——以刑事“冤案”为考察视角

刑事冤案是和谐社会的不和谐音符,法律监督的失效是其发生的直接原因。在现行制度下,作为法定监督机关的检察机关缺少监督动力,而当事人又缺少监督能力,理想的制度设计应该是耦合动力和能力,使法律监督真正发挥作用,因此必须以公诉权为中心对检察机关的功能进行重新定位。     

Increased lung weight in fatal intoxications is not unique to opioid drugs

Fatal intoxications with opioids are known to be associated with an increased lung weight, as well as with brain and pulmonary edema and urinary retention. However, there is evidence to suggest that fatal intoxications with non-opioid substances are also associated with increased lung weight; however, the latter aspect has not been comprehensively analyzed. To determine to what extent opioid and non-opioid substances are associated with increased lung and brain weight, we studied these organs in cases where the cause of death was attributed to intoxication with a single agent. Using data from cases autopsied at the National Board of Forensic Medicine (NBFM) in Sweden from 2009 through 2019 where the cause of death was attributed to a single substance, we created models of combined lung weight and brain weight. The models used age and sex as predictors as well as nested varying effects for the specific intoxicant and category of intoxicant. Suicidal hanging with negative toxicology cases served as controls. The population majority was male among both intoxications (68%) and controls (83%). The most common single substance group was opioids. All tested substances were associated with heavier lungs than controls, with the largest effect in the opioid group. Our findings show that several substances are associated with increased lung weight and that among intoxication deaths there is no difference in expected brain weight between substances. Hence, heavy lungs, without a reasonable explanation, should prompt a broad toxicological screening.