Age and family structures among the Jews of Mitau, Kurland, 1833–1834

The article analyzes an 1834 listing of the Jewish inhabitants in the city of Mitau in the province of Kurland, one of the Baltic provinces (the other two were Estland and Livland) of the Russian Empire. From Catherine the Great's reign onward, the Jewish population of the Baltic provinces rose steadily throughout the 19th century, but microstudies of Jewish communities in the region are virtually nonexistent, especially for the first half of the century. The Mitau list shows that the Jewish population there was very young, with about 45% being in the age group 0–14. Age at first marriage for males was about 24 years, and for females 21. From about age 35, 93% of males and 97% of females were married. The mean size of the family group was 5.8 persons, and about a third of all families were either extended (containing unmarried relatives beyond the nuclear family) or multiple (more than one kin-linked conjugal family unit). Judging by kinship terms in the source, the kin system tilted toward patrilineality, as would be expected. These characteristics need to be compared to other Jewish communities before and after 1834—in the Baltic area and surrounding regions—but the paucity of local studies suggests that some time will pass before the Mitau findings can be placed in an adequate comparative framework.     

基于企业内在生态的学习型组织模型研究

在开放动态的环境中,企业不仅要构建组织与环境的外在生态,而且还要处理组织内部要素之间的内在生态问题。在创建学习型组织过程中,企业需要在组织主体、组织空间和组织时间上实现内在生态化,分别形成学习主体模式、学习运行模式和学习发展模式,从而构成基于企业内在生态的学习型组织模型。     

企业集团的多重利益冲突及其治理

企业集团作为一种企业合作组织形式，一方面因其制度优势而在世界经济中的地位日益重要，另一方面因其复杂结构所带来的诸多治理问题又制约了其良性发展。与单个企业相比，企业集团的组织结构复杂多变，治理问题也具有多重性。交叉持股型企业集团中应注意大股东之间的协调问题；纯粹控股型企业集团中注意要加强母公司对子公司的有效监控；而母子关系型企业集团中的治理问题最为复杂，应在母子公司之间建立一个良好的集权和分权机制，防止母公司对中小股东和债权人的利益侵害。     

关于提高公安经济侦查队伍业务素质能力思考

本文从理论和实践相结合的角度深刻阐述了公安经济侦查队伍正规化建设特别是业务素质能力提高的重要性,并对其提高的路径做了有益的探索。     

中国经济结构演进的动因探讨

推动中国经济结构不断演进的主要动力来自三个方面:政府主导的渐进式制度变迁;以技术创新、技术引进和技术扩散为主要内容的技术进步,以及深刻变革的国内国际分工体系。因此,中国经济结构半个多世纪以来一直处于不断调整的非均衡状态。     

The intellectual adolescence of organizational justice: You've come a long way,maybe

To highlight the advances and limitations in the study of organizational justice as reflected by the articles in this issue, the field is characterized as being in its intellectual adolescence. Following this analogy, some signs of scientific maturity are noted. Among these are (a) increased attention to the connections between organizational justice and various organizational processes, (b) expanded efforts toward conceptual refinement, and (c) greater reliance on research conducted in natural settings. At the same time, the adolescent state of the field is also marked by its intellectual awkwardness and immaturity. Indications of this include (a) the absence of guiding theory, (b) an underdeveloped research agenda, and (c) an overreliance on the use of ad hoc measurements. Based on these limitations, suggestions are made for ways of nurturing the field's development. The article concludes with an optimistic vision of tomorrow's field of organizational justice.     

辽宁警专教育技术工作谈

教育技术对深化教育改革、推进素质教育,有着重要的意义。用教育技术取代电化教育是教育发展的必然结果。教育技术是一项系统工程,需要学校各部门协同作战。学校的全体教师、管理干部和电教人员,对搞好教育技术工作都有着义不容辞的责任。     

欧盟安全模式的体系层次分析

欧盟安全模式在冷战后日益突出,其特点在于通过有效的多边主义来维护安全。在冷战期间西欧国家地处两极对抗的前沿,两极格局的终结也对欧盟国家造成了重大冲击。因此,欧洲安全模式的形成和发展深受体系结构和体系进程的影响和制约。其中,结构因素发挥更为重要的作用,但同时体现为国际制度的进程因素对于巩固和维护欧洲安全也有重大的反作用。国际制度无法独立于体系结构影响国家行为,在欧洲安全模式形成的过程中,体系结构是独立的自变量,国际制度则是干预变量。     

检察机关自侦案件证明标准构建研究

确立自侦案件证明标准,可以指引证明行为和规范证明结果,具有较强的理论和实践意义。我国自侦案件的刑事证明标准,应改变目前的一元化的定罪标准,实行多元化、多层次的证明标准,即不同的证明主体、不同的诉讼阶段,证明标准不应相同;不同种类案件以及同一案件的不同事实,证明标准可以有所不同。     

医疗卫生体制改革中完善市场机制的思考

本文从经济学理论入手,分析了我国医疗卫生体制改革中存在问题的主要根源,探讨了完善医疗卫生领域市场机制的具体对策,提出了我国的医疗服务体制改革必须规避市场化过度,走适合中国国情的道路,即充分建立起在政府适当干预下的、完善的医疗卫生市场机制的建议。