创意的思路与方法

本文从创意的概念着手,对为什么要创意,成功创意的原则和怎样做好创意作了积极的思考和探索.对启发和提高设计工作者的创意思维有着重要的参考价值.     

Friendship Networks and Delinquency: The Relative Nature of Peer Delinquency

Although acknowledging the importance of adolescent friendships in the etiology of delinquency, prior studies have yet to provide a detailed examination of the role of actual friendship networks in delinquency. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995–1996), this study's incorporation of friendship networks allows for a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of peer delinquency based on carefully defined networks of adolescent friendships. Findings illustrate that friendship networks are very heterogenous in terms of members' participation in delinquent behavior with the majority of adolescents belonging to networks containing both delinquent and non-delinquent friends. In support of differential association's premise that delinquent behavior is influenced by the ratio of definitions favorable to those unfavorable to law violation (Sutherland, 1947), the proportion of delinquent friends in a respondent's network is most strongly associated with respondents' subsequent delinquency. This relative measure of peer delinquency is preferable to a measure of the absolute level of delinquency occurring by friends, the average delinquency committed by friends, or the absolute number of delinquent friends. Enmeshment in a friendship network where consensus about the appropriateness of delinquency is maximized (i.e., all friends are delinquent or non-delinquent) most effectively constrains the behaviors of network members to resemble the groups' behavior.     

The European Trips-Plus Model and The Arab World: From Co-Operation to Association— A New Era in the Global IPRS Regime?

The advocation of stronger and higher levels of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protection has been on the rise in recent years, particularly since the establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995. Although its establishment signalled the beginning of a new phase in the protection of IPRs internationally, no more than a decade later, it is seen that such a regime is still undergoing a number of significant changes. In this regard, the rise of bilateralism and the retreat of multilateralism resulted in the so-called ‹TRIPS-Plus’ recipe in which developing countries are increasingly giving way to the demands of the industrialised countries through incorporating higher levels of IPRs protection domestically. Although the USA has often been viewed as the primary advocator and enforcer of the TRIPS-Plus recipe globally, this article shows that in fact the European Union (EU) advocated the TRIPS-Plus recipe long before the USA. Thus, this article discusses the case of the European TRIPS-Plus model with the Arab World as a clear demonstration of such a trend. Developing and Arab countries are now faced with two determined superpowers acting at both the unilateral and bilateral levels to achieve their desired higher standards of IPRs protection worldwide. This will further erode the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement, and will entail grave repercussions for both the developing and Arab countries. LLM, PhD, Lecturer in Law, University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN), UK. The author may be contacted at mel-said@uclan.ac.uk     

Labor History Bibliography, 1999

This article analyses the ways in and the extent to which indentured labourers in Trinidad expressed discontentment with their situation. It looks at the ways in which dominance and oppression was contested in their everyday life and the levels of organization, which were visible in the plantation societies. It discusses the forms of opposition that occurred. Throughout the indentureship period, the Indian indentured labourers were engaged in deliberate acts to undermine authority. They refused to conform to certain demands made by the colonial authorities and were prepared to wrestle with aspects of the system that they perceived as threatening or iniquitous. They were also engaged in activities that defied the planters, masters or colonial authorities in one way or the other.     

道路交通安全宣传教育管理新体系研究

道路交通安全宣传教育 ,是治理道路交通安全问题的根本措施。必须通过立法 ,树立其权威性 ,并且建立以公安交通管理部门为主体、学校教育为基础、社区和村民组为依托、安全联组为龙头、单位和其他组织为后盾、新闻媒体为喉舌的 ,辐射至每个单位、家庭和个人的有机的道路交通安全宣传教育管理新体系 ,使道路交通安全宣传教育有效地发挥作用。     

永佃权的历史考察及其当代价值

本文对中外永佃权的历史做了粗略的梳理 ,以期辨正学界对永佃权某些方面的误解。以此为据 ,进而阐明永佃权的当代价值。在考察中国和国外法律史的过程中 ,采用可靠的史料是重要的 ,而使用该国文化中特定的语言系统又是必须的。中国古代存在永佃制 ,但绝没有永佃权 ;中国的永佃制萌芽于隋唐而非秦汉或北宋 (英宗 ) ;永佃权虽然生成于私有制的土壤 ,但对我国物权法中的农地立法 ,仍有借鉴的价值。     

Implicit attitudes toward violence and their relation to psychopathy,aggression, and socially adaptive behaviors in forensic psychiatric inpatients

In order to investigate the relation between implicit attitudes toward violence and different aspects of violent and social behavior in Dutch forensic psychiatric inpatients, an implicit association test was related to measures of psychopathy, aggression, and socially adaptive behaviors. Results indicated that all patients had negative implicit attitudes toward violence. Although implicit attitudes toward violence were unrelated to several self-report measures of aggression, there was a significant positive relation between these attitudes and the antisocial facet of psychopathy. Furthermore, it was found that implicit attitudes toward violence were significantly negatively associated with coping behaviors and the level of moral awareness, indicating that patients with more negative implicit attitudes toward violence more often reported these behaviors, which can be assumed to inhibit aggression. As the present study was only correlational in nature, our findings need to be further explored in prospective research.     

公与私：中国行业协会的矛盾定位解析

改革开放以来，随着市场经济的发展，行业协会作为一种同类企业间的联合互益组织在社会经济生活中起着日益重要的作用。但由于行业协会本身所蕴含的的市场性以及我国对行业协会的特殊定位，其公益性与私益性的冲突已经成为制约我国行业协会发展的首要因素，因此唯有在认真探讨市场化的主流趋势与非营利化的新兴走向之间的异同，才能重新定义我国行业协会的发展路径，以期实现行业的善治。     

关于延边州发展行业协会的几点思考

随着我国改革开放的深入和入世,迫切要求我们尽快培育和发展行业协会。尽管目前延边州现有的各类行业协会大多能够正常运转并发挥一定的作用,但从总体上看,还只处于起步阶段,必须采取相应的对策与措施,大力推动延边州行业协会的进一步发展。     

哈尔滨历史上的早期犹太社团

19世纪末至1918年,犹太社团在哈尔滨开始形成并初步发展,设立了严密的组织机构,开展丰富的宗教活动,在哈尔滨的社会、文化、政治、经济等诸多领域都留下了历史的足迹。