滥用专利权的内涵及其制止措施

通过论述在我国建立制止滥用专利权体系的必要性,围绕滥用专利权行为的内涵以及制止滥用专利权行为的措施这两个核心问题,介绍了《巴黎公约》和《TRIPS协定》的有关规定以及美国制止滥用专利权行为的实际做法,在此基础上分析我国反垄断法和专利法有关规定的含义.     

我国知识产权制度建设成效及问题实证分析——兼论我国知识产权对外交往策略

我国现代知识产权制度建设始于改革开放初期,经过30余年发展,已成为现代社会一种重要的无形财产权制度.统计数据和计量经济分析表明,我国的专利、商标和著作权制度已走上正轨,发挥着正当的制度功能,但其中存在的问题,如知识产权法实施难仍需得到正视和理性解决.对知识产权制度成效的客观评价是中国知识产权对外交往策略的基础.应保持必要的自信心,不妄自菲薄,积极采取主动与防御结合的策略,以免在知识产权对外交往中进退失据,陷于被动.尊重知识产权制度的内在逻辑,防止冒进,拒绝外部干扰,将有助于知识产权制度理性发展.     

Effectiveness of comparison overlays generated with DentalPrint software in bite mark analysis

Validation studies of the new DentalPrint software were carried out with experimental bite marks in pigskin. The bite marks were digitally photographed according to the ABFO guidelines for evidence collection. Dental casts used in the experiment were scanned in 3D and 2D, and comparison overlays were generated using DentalPrint and Adobe Photoshop software, respectively. Digitized photographs of the experimental bite marks and the biting edges obtained in the overlays were compared by two different examiners to analyze the impact of training and experience with the two methods. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and 95% confidence intervals for each cutoff point were calculated. The expert examiner using DentalPrint obtained the best results, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.76 (SE=0.057; CI at 95%=0.652-0.876). Fairly high specificity values were found for DentalPrint, and the best results were obtained for the cutoff value that discriminated between the examiner's response "biter" and the rest of the possible (specificity 97.9%, CI at 95%=93.2%-99.6%). Therefore, the results presented here indicate that DentalPrint is a useful, accurate tool for forensic purposes, although further research on the comparison process is needed to enhance the validity of bite mark analysis.     

合同视角下的专利默示许可研究?--以美中两国的司法实践为考察对象

从发生原因上讲，专利默示许可包括基于产品销售、合同关系和其他交往关系产生的默示许可三种基本形式。专利默示许可的理论基础，在英美法上主要基于其禁止反言理论，在大陆法上则是基于诚实信用原则。专利默示许可，究其本质是专利权人和专利技术使用人之间的一种合同关系，而非侵权关系。专利默示许可是合同法上事实合同的一种表现形式，其成就应当具备事实合同成立的一般条件。我国司法机关有关专利默示许可的实践探索，既有成功的一面，也有有待完善的不足之处。从制度构建上讲，专利默示许可应当建筑在专利法的诚实信用原则之上，同时在具体规则上保持其案例法的本色。     

遏制专利蟑螂——评美国专利新政及其对中国的启示

2013年6月4日,美国奥巴马政府宣布了旨在打击专利蟑螂、提高专利质量、促进专利创新的5项行政措施和7项立法意见。同一天,总统行政办公室发布报告《专利主张与美国创新》,描述并分析了采取立法及行政措施的必要性。美国国会2012年和2013年两度提出旨在遏制专利蟑螂恶意诉讼的《保护高技术创新者免遭恶意诉讼法案》。这些举措,意味着美国正在推行专利新政。结合中国国情,提出以下6项建议:(1)建立知识产权危机预警机制;(2)提高专利审查质量;(3)跟踪专利实施情况;(4)健全专利服务体系;(5)加强知识产权领域反垄断规制;(6)限定专利诉讼主体资格。     

实用新型专利质量提升之路探析

实用新型专利申请数量多年来保持持续稳定增长，但是其专利质量并没有随之提高。国内外业界人士对我国实用新型专利质量存在广泛质疑，如果再不采取有效措施提高实用新型专利质量，无论是对创新主体，还是对实用新型专利制度自身必将带来严重的伤害。通过分析发现我国实用新型专利质量目前存在的主要问题：实用新型专利立法的不完善、实用新型审查制度的缺陷和专利资助政策的错误导向，进而从实用新型专利制度的顶层设计、专利审查制度的完善、专利激励政策的正确制定和专利申请主体的法律规制四方面提出相应提高我国实用新型专利质量的对策。     

Fleeting fame under the Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006

Legal context: When Congress enacted the Federal Trademark Dilution Act in1996, it intended to create a uniform federal cause of actionfor trade mark dilution. Unfortunately, the statutory languageselected by Congress created certain ambiguities, includinghow famous a trade mark had to be to merit dilution protectionunder the statute. Confusion developed as to whether a markmerely needed renown in a limited geographic area or industry—aconcept that became known as ‘niche fame’—orwhether it needed national renown to qualify as a ‘famousmark’. Key points: In 2006, Congress enacted the Trademark Dilution Revision Actand therein provided a concrete definition for a famous markthat ostensibly removed the ability to qualify for dilutionrelief where the mark was famous only within a particular niche.It was uncertain how courts that had previously favoured theniche fame theory would apply Congress's new definition. However,a district court in the Ninth Circuit, one of the strongestproponents of niche fame, recently held that niche fame is nolonger a viable theory under the Lanham Act or California statelaw as a result of the 2006 amendment. Practical significance: This decision portends that courts will fall in line with Congress'samendment and will deny dilution relief under federal law toparties whose marks are famous only in a particular geographicarea or industry. Additionally, the decision provides some guidanceand predictability as to how states may interpret the viabilityof niche fame under their respective dilution statutes in lightof Congress's 2006 amendment.     

基因专利保护的利弊分析

基因专利保护的问题由来已久,而争论的焦点大多集中在基因是发明还是发现的问题上。实际上,基因是发明还是发现并不是基因是否应该受专利法保护的关键。任何制度的设计都是为了促进社会发展的,如果用专利制度保护基因利大于弊,能够更好地促进基因技术的发展,就应该授予基因专利权,否则就不应该授权。通过分析可以得出,基因应该属于发现,但是以专利制度保护基因利大于弊,所以我国应该授予基因专利。     

标准化组织知识产权政策分析

标准化组织作为技术标准的制定者,其政策的制定对广大技术标准的采用者来讲均有重大影响。现在众多掌握核心技术的公司纷纷将其拥有的专利技术融入到技术标准中,以此来获得市场及技术的优势地位,因此,标准化组织的知识产权政策至关重要。     

Intellectual property laws integrated with the national development policies in China

As a developing country, China has been pressured by the developed countries to increase the levels of intellectual property (IP) protection and to adopt IP rules that even go beyond the minimum international standards. IP regimes are established to promote advances in science and culture by rewarding creation and invention. However, developing countries do not necessarily appropriately share the benefits from the harmonization of IP protection standards over the world. Fortunately, not every developed country or international organization is concerned only with its own interest when evaluating the tendency of international IP protection policies. In fact, they have made many studies or findings in favor of the concerns and interests of developing countries. This paper investigates the conflicts between IP rights and human rights, as well as the validity of IP laws under constitutional arguments, with the purpose of providing new strategic policy arguments in China’s future amendments to IP laws, and related negotiations with developed countries. __________ Translated from Faxue Yanjiu 法学研究 (Law Research), 2005, (6): 105–115