对Cofiler体系在亲子鉴定中应用价值的研究

将商品化 Profiler Plus和 Cofiler扩增检测试剂盒用于亲子鉴定案例和无关个体血样的分析。 186例亲子鉴定案中,母－子－假设父三联体 149例,假设父－子二联体 37例。在 149例含双亲和孩子的鉴定中,有 127例认定存在亲生血缘关系,其 RCP值平均为 99.98％;其余 22例排除了被检父为孩子生父,排除机率为 14.77％,排除指标平均为 6.1个。在 37例含单亲及孩子的鉴定中,有 23例认定存在亲生血缘关系,其 RCP值平均为 99.92％;其余 14例排除被检父为孩子生父,排除机率为 37.84％,平均有 5个不吻合的 STR位点出现。若特意省去三人组合案例中的母亲,将其作为单亲案件进行统计,仅检测 Profiler Plus体系的 9个 STR位点时,则 RCP值平均为 99.1959％,案例中 21.51％将不能得出明确的结论。同时检测 Profiler Plus和 Cofiler体系共 13个 STR位点,则案例中 97.31％能排除或认定生父,案例中 2.69％通过补充母亲样本能排除或认定生父。 Cofiler体系中 6个 STR位点的累积排除率达 0.9825。上述数据表明, Cofiler试剂盒在单亲鉴定案件中有着重要的应用价值。     

复合扩增9个STR位点在亲子鉴定中的应用评估

在法医学亲子鉴定中应用复合扩增及四色荧光自动分析技术检测 Profiler plusTM9个 STR位点,一次性获得的信息量大,累计非父排除率达 0.9999。应用于 268例亲子鉴定的结果表明, 9个具有高度多态性 STR基因座的联合检测,能使三联体亲子鉴定的排除结论明确无误。对不排除案例,其 RCP值均可达国际认定标准。对二联体亲子鉴定一般需增加 CofilerTM试剂盒 4个 STR位点检测。     

用反相杂交技术对HLA-DQA1基因分型及其应用

目的 :HLA -DQA1其因的分型研究及在实际办案中的应用。方法 :PCR结合反相杂交检测技术对HLA -DQA1基因进行分型。结果 :检见7种基因 ,24种基因型 ,获得上海地区HLA -DQA1基因的基因频率及基因型的频率分布数据。结论 :对法医学中常见的血液 (痕 )、牙齿、精斑、混合斑、人体组织等检材进行HLA -DQA1分型检测 ,其结果稳定可靠 ,为实际办案提供了科学依据     

心理测试技术与测谎

心理测试测试技木是一项新兴的刑事检验技术,而“测谎”则更多地出现在媒体上,为大众所广泛接受。“测谎”理论无法解释被测者在沉默状态下产生的情绪反应,而且容易引起被测者的反感,而心理测试技术理论,含盖了心理学中多方面的研究成果,已经从对谎言本身的探查中解脱出来。     

戒毒管理改革与其成效的检验标准--对湖南12个强制、劳教戒毒与派出所、居委会的调查与思考

戒毒复吸率之高,一直是戒毒工作的顽症,如何加以攻克?本文运用社会学的再社会化理论,从分析湖南戒毒管理模式入手,阐述了戒毒管理是实现戒毒者由强制再社会化向主动再社会化转变的一种催化剂,提出了“提高巩固率,延长巩固时间“这一目前检验戒毒管理成效的核心评价标准,以及实现戒毒管理目标所存在的问题及其应对策略.     

HLA 及其在法医学上的应用

HLA 是迄今人类最复杂的遗传多态性系统,其在法医学上的应用,包括亲子鉴定和个人识别的重要性日益被认识。作者等对血痕、血清和唾液的 HLA 测定的研究结果证明:(1)血痕中存在较强的抗补体作用。应用淋巴细胞毒抑制试验测定血痕的 HLA 时,增加补体用量可使测定的正确率达100%,经90天的血痕仍能完全正确检出 HLA 型。(2)血清的 HLA 测定是可行的,这对远道送检血清及尸体血清测定 HLA 有一定价值。(3)唾液中有可溶性 HLA 抗原存在。     

Drug Testing and Procedural Fairness: The Influence of Situational Variables

This study examines the effect of four variables (i.e., interpersonal treatment, organizational reputation, testing context, and consequence of testing) on perceptions of the procedural fairness of a drug-testing program. Main effects for each of these variables on perceptions of procedural fairness were expected. In addition, interactions were predicted between interpersonal treatment and organizational reputation, testing context and consequence, and testing context and interpersonal treatment. Results generally supported the hypotheses, revealing main effects for the four variables and two significant interactions. The implications of these findings for justice research and the design and implementation of drug-testing programs are discussed.     

Using the Nondonor Distribution to Improve Communication and Inform Decision Making for Low LRs from Minor Contributors in Mixed DNA Profiles

The reporting of a likelihood ratio (LR) calculated from probabilistic genotyping software has become more popular since 2015 and has allowed for the use of more complex mixtures at court. The meaning of “inconclusive” LRs and how to communicate the significance of low LRs at court is now important. We present a method here using the distribution of LRs obtained from nondonors. The nondonor distribution is useful for examining calibration and discrimination for profiles that have produced LRs less than about 10⁴. In this paper, a range of mixed DNA profiles of varying quantity were constructed and the LR distribution considering the minor contributor for a number of nondonors was compared to the expectation given a calibrated system. It is demonstrated that conditioning genotypes should be used where reasonable given the background information to decrease the rate of nondonor LRs above 1. In all 17 cases examined, the LR for the minor donor was higher than the nondonor LRs, and in 12 of the 17 cases, the 99.9 percentile of the nondonor distribution was lower when appropriate conditioning information was used. The output of the tool is a graph that can show the position of the LR for the person of interest set against the nondonor LR distribution. This may assist communication between scientists and the court.     

Development and Implementation of an Effective Blind Proficiency Testing Program

Blind proficiency testing is ideal for testing crime laboratory personnel because the elements of analyst bias and anticipation are removed. However, sending proficiency tests through the laboratory system as real casework is difficult. The substantial challenges with preparing and administering blind tests may prevent laboratory managers from initiating blind testing. In 2015, the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences committed to improving its crime laboratory’s proficiency testing program by adding blind tests. The goal was to test the whole system, from evidence receipt to report release. With careful planning, trial-and-error, and ongoing assessment of available resources, not only was the program proven to be feasible, but there was also clear understanding of how to optimize our program. In this article, we share our experiences, lessons learned, and program details to assist other forensic service providers with developing their own blind testing programs, which would ultimately lead to improved quality assurance.