西部生态环境问题及对策

我国西部地区生态环境脆弱 ,近年来由于经济发展过程的一些不正确行为 ,使得西部地区生态环境问题日趋严重。中央提出西部大开发战略 ,在西部开发中生态环境的保护必须予以高度的重视。目前西部生态环境问题恶化的原因 ,除气候的因素致使西部生态问题脆弱外 ,更与长期以来的鼓励人口增殖政策和政府的政策不力有关。要保证西部大开发不以牺牲环境为代价 ,必须一靠政府有效干预 ,正确引导 ;二靠加强技术进步 ,转变资源配置方式 ,此外 ,还要牢固地树立“可持续发展”观念     

消费扶贫:政策、理论与实践

消费扶贫对于激发贫困群体的主体性、吸引社会力量参与精准扶贫、推动贫困地区产业结构调整等均有积极意义。在国务院专门出台文件推动的情况下,应进一步明晰消费扶贫的基本内涵和形成机理,注重解决有产无量、有品不优、体验不美、持续不久等问题,不断推动消费扶贫健康发展。     

关于高职教育过程性考核方式改革的思考

过程性考核方式是高职教育教学改革的一个重要环节。学校、教师、学生、教学管理职能部门对过程性考核方式改革的认识、态度、方法不同,采取的策略、路径、措施不同,均直接关系改革成效,四个方面方向一致、形成合力,方可获得最佳组合效果。     

West Indians in New York

Abstract

The process by which diverse ethnic groups from around the world blended into a unique civilization called the United States of America has provided insight into how mass immigration impacts on the development of human societies. This study explored the economic, educational, and social integration of a group of 409 first generation West Indian immigrants into the fabric of the society in New York City. It used the self-reports of those who were born and had worked in the West Indies, and had migrated and lived for several years in New York. The survey asked about their economic and educational status in the West Indies, compared with their current socio-economic profile, in order to determine the degree and quality of their social mobility. The criterion variables economic integration and experiencing problems of living in the United States of America were associated with nine input factors: age, citizenship, education, gender, income, length of residence, marital status, occupation, and reason for migrating to the United States.     

Planning,Budgeting, and Health Care Performance in Ukraine

Abstract

The Government of Ukraine has not pursued health care reforms now commonplace in the rest of Europe and Central/Eastern Europe that rely less upon centralized, state delivery of services and more on decentralized operational responsibilities and competition for services that increase patient choice. The Ukrainian health sector suffers from personnel overspecialization and facility overcapacity, resulting in high-cost, low productivity services. Budget funds are unavailable for operations and maintenance resulting in poor quality services. The state provides health care as a constitutionally-protected monopoly, relying on the traditional command and control model which ignores cost/quality competition options and responsibilities to patients. Overall, the system which produces these results is over-centralized, requiring achievement of physical service norms without providing sufficient funds. The centralized system does not monitor or evaluate services beyond narrow financial accountability and control requirements. The health care system is paradoxically over-centralized but unable to regulate or control local health care official decisions to ensure compliance with national standards. Needed are reforms in the health care policy and operational areas to produce the supply of services needed for national economic recovery. In the short-term, the budgetary framework can be improved as an operational/management guide through development of comparative information on results. Most of this information can be based on the economic classification consistent with the chart of accounts. Funding stability can be increased to improve expenditure control by implementing a new fiscal transfer formula that provides discretion (i.e., block grants) and performance criteria (i.e., outcome measures). In the medium-term, building on the technical foundation of physical norms and statistical reporting, the health care budgeting and financial management system should shift emphasis to: program planning, policy and management analysis, and public communications. The results of these reforms should lead to decentralized health care operations, service analysis, and delivery responsibilities. At the same time, the reforms should lead to proper centralization of responsibilities for strategic policy decisions, safety regulation, national standards, and program evaluation.     

ANALYZING SELF‐ORGANIZED LOCAL GOVERNANCE INITIATIVES: ARE THERE INSIGHTS FOR DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS?

In spite of the great enthusiasm and arguments supporting decentralization in Africa, its performance has frequently fallen well below expectations. However, a number of self‐initiated, local governance efforts have been quite successful. The article finds that all governance initiatives face a number of collective action problems that they must overcome to succeed. These include issues of collective choice, free riding, principal–agency, and constitutional design. The article explores two cases of locally initiated self‐governance initiatives where smaller population size, the ability to focus on only a few services, and the ability flexibly to redesign their institutions were important in their success in overcoming these governance challenges. In one case, challenge by and negotiation with formal governance institutions furthered their success. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绍兴地区液化天然气（LNG）应用工程初探

介绍了绍兴地区应用液化天然气的必要性、可能性及产生的效益,并对随之将带来的一些问题进行分析,提出了一些解决办法和措施。     

健全和完善社会主义市场经济体系的几点建议

目前,我国在建立社会主义市场经济体系的过程中存在着规范化程度差,市场结构体系法制不健全,市场建设缺乏统一规划、合理布局和法制建设与市场体系不相适应等问题。为此,建议加快生产要素市场建设;建立有效的价格管理机制;加快建设交通和通讯事业,推进国内统一市场的形成;积极创造法制环境。     

山西农村治理的协商民主实践

近年来,随着村民自治的深层次推进,山西农村在民主管理方面探索出了不少与协商民主相类似的乡村善治新模式,有力地推动了基层民主政治的发展。但也要看到,山西农村的协商民主实践仍处于初步发展阶段,尚存在着不少问题,如协商主体认识不到位、村干部存在畏难抵触情绪、管理内容避重就轻、已有政策规定在落实中变形走样等。因此,应注重培育农民的协商理念,加强对村干部的教育培训,规范协商程序设计,实行协商民主与选举民主的有效结合,促进乡村善治和农村社会稳定。     

村民自治面临的困境及其破解

村民自治作为最基层民主政治实践形式,在促进新农村建设及乡村善治方面发挥了极为重要的作用。同时也要看到,随着村民自治的不断深入,一些深层次的问题日益暴露出来,如基层干部整体素质不高、村委会选举欠缺公平、村民议事机构未能有效发挥作用、相关制度在落实中变形走样等,制约和阻碍了村民自治的进一步发展。为此,相关部门在实践中应提高村民民主参与意识,提升村干部能力素质,完善议事机构及相关制度,理顺乡镇与村及村"两委"之间的关系,使村民自治沿着良性轨道健康推进。