A Longue Durée Approach to the Role of Civil Society in the Uprisings against Authoritarianism in the Arab world

Abstract

This article will show how a ‘new history’, inspired from longue durée approaches, can be methodologically applied, and how it equips us with analytical tools that improve our capacity to understand the long-term changes that fostered the civil society-based resistance in the Arab world. Although we cannot predict the exact timing of such resistance efforts, the application of the longue durée method provides us with tools that help us understand why and how the many uprisings transpired. This complements, and partly contrasts with, most previous research, which had its main focus on discussion of short-term factors that were claimed to have caused the Arab mass-mobilized resistance in 2010–2011. The article draws upon and intends to contribute to the theoretical debate on contentious politics within social movement research, resistance studies, and civil society-driven democratization research.     

RESISTING CRIME: THE EFFECTS OF VICTIM ACTION ON THE OUTCOMES OF CRIMES

This study assessed the impact of sixteen types of victim self protection (SP) actions on three types of outcomes of criminal incidents: first, whether the incident resulted in property loss, second, whether it resulted in injury to the victim, and, third, whether it resulted in serious injury. Data on 27, 595 personal contact crime incidents recorded in the National Crime Victimization Survey for the 1992 to 2001 decade were used to estimate multivariate models of crime outcomes with logistic regression. Results indicated that self-protection in general, both forceful and nonforceful, reduced the likelihood of property loss and injury, compared to nonresistance. A variety of mostly forceful tactics, including resistance with a gun, appeared to have the strongest effects in reducing the risk of injury, though some of the findings were unstable due to the small numbers of sample cases. The appearance, in past research, of resistance contributing to injury was found to be largely attributable to confusion concerning the sequence of SP actions and injury. In crimes where both occurred, injury followed SP in only 10 percent of the incidents. Combined with the fact that injuries following resistance are almost always relatively minor, victim resistance appears to be generally a wise course of action.     

Cultural Politics, Communal Resistance and Identity in Andean Irrigation Development

This article uses two case studies to illustrate how Andean irrigation development and management emerges from a hybrid mix of local community rules and the changing political forms and ideological forces of hegemonic states. Some indigenous water-control institutions are with us today because they were consonant with the extractive purposes of local elites and Inca, Spanish and post‐independence Republican states. These states often appropriated and standardised local water-management rules, rights and rituals in order to gain control over the surplus produced by these irrigation systems. However, as we show in the case of two communities in Ecuador and Peru, many of these same institutions are reappropriated and redirected by local communities to counteract both classic 'exclusion-oriented' and modern 'inclusion-oriented' water and identity politics. In this way, they resist subordination, discrimination and the control of local water management by rural elites or state actors.     

论无效行政行为的理论基础与规范结构

从理论上揭示无效行政行为的理论基础和在实践层面上对关于无效行政行为的法规范的结构进行分析对于建构和完善我国的无效行政行为法律制度具有相当重要的意义。无效行政行为的理论基础在于消极抵抗权理论、行政行为的有限公定力原理和宪法上的人的尊严。对于无效行政行为,在完善公力救济制度的同时,允许行政相对人在一定条件下进行私力救济更有利于保护行政相对人的合法权益。     

试论简·爱的反抗性格及成因

勃朗特·夏洛蒂以高超的艺术手段,通过具体环境对人物性格的决定作用的揭示以及个性化语言的描写,成功地刻画了主人公简·爱敢于反抗,敢于争取自由和平等地位的性格,展示了简·爱崇高的爱情观和优秀品质。     

The epistemological crisis of counterterrorism

This article describes the nature, origins and consequences of the epistemological crisis at the heart of contemporary counterterrorism. The epistemological crisis of counterterrorism is an identifiable epistemic posture towards knowledge about, as well as a way of acting towards, the terrorist threat. It manifests itself discursively in the manner in which officials, scholars, pundits and others speak about the threat of terrorism, and the way counterterrorism and security practitioners then act in pursuit of security against that threat. The article argues that many of the bizarre counterterrorist practices regularly observed in many Western countries, as well as costly and counterproductive counterterrorist practices such as preemptive war, targeted killings, mass surveillance, torture, control orders and de-radicalisation programmes, among others, are neither anomalous nor irrational in the context of the new paradigm. Rather, they flow logically and directly from the particular paranoid logic, which is constitutive of the epistemological crisis. The article concludes with a discussion about how and why critical scholars can and should attempt to resist and deconstruct it.     

Sex,Gender, Multidimensional Value Space,and Social Cultural Resistance—Afrocentrism

This article examines the applicability of the theory of multidimensional value space by Lynn A. Curtis and the theory of social cultural resistance—Afrocentrism by Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie for explaining so-called Black crime and Black juvenile delinquency in general and Black female crime and Black female juvenile delinquency in particular. It notes that the increase in so-called Black crime and Black juvenile delinquency in general and Black female crime and Black female juvenile delinquency in particular may be illusion, not fact. This article notes that perception, at times illusion, may have, and frequently does have, real outcomes, including criminal justice outcomes and delinquency outcomes. It notes that the so-called Black racial monolith is a fiction that race and ethnicity are distinct entities, as are sex and gender that the so-called Black racial monolith consists of distinct Black ethnic identities. The article notes that Black crime, female and male, and adult and juvenile delinquency may be manifestations of primary psychopathy, secondary psychopathy, and dyssocial psychopathy, as noted in the theory of social cultural resistance—Afrocentrism.     

万用表测量字迹电阻方法的初步研究

目的介绍一种鉴定添加变造黑色笔迹的新方法—万用表测量字迹电阻法。方法用万用表的探针测量字迹笔画的电阻值数值,根据数值的大小范围来判断字迹是否存在添加变造。结果该方法简便快速,不破坏原件,不受检测条件及环境的限制,成本低,效率高,便于广泛推广应用。结论凡是可测出电阻值数值的,证明书写色料中的成份是以碳黑为主,凡电阻值为正无穷大时,证明书写色料中不含碳黑,而是由多种色料拼色而成的,从而可分析判断字迹是否被添加变造。     

用丙硫苯咪唑检测羊线虫抗药性的体外虫卵孵化试验

为探讨用丙硫苯咪唑进行体外虫卵孵化试验检测羊线虫对苯并咪唑类药物的抗药性,对23个羊场的25份田间样品用丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑进行了虫卵孵化试验并与先前减卵试验(faecal egg count re-duction test,FECRT)的结果比较。结果表明,25份样品中,丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑对受检虫卵的半数致死量(LD50)均值分别为0.050 1和0.054 0μg/mL,差异不显著。FECRT检测有抗药性的4个羊场,75%的样品对丙硫苯咪唑和噻苯咪唑的LD50均值均在0.1μg/mL以上,只有1个羊场的的LD50值分别为0.068 9μg/mL(丙硫苯咪唑)和0.071 2μg/mL(噻苯咪唑)。检测为可疑的2个羊场,其样品的LD50值为0.04~0.07μg/mL;FECRT检测敏感的蠕虫群体的LD50均在0.04μg/mL以下。此外,丙硫苯咪唑用纯的二甲基亚砜溶解和稀释后于4℃保存7 d,LD50值变化不大,提示药效无明显下降,而保存14 d后药效有下降趋势。     

气功对经络系统的平衡调节作用

The unbalance levels (UL) and the deviation levels (DL)of the 72 cases'' skin resistance for the three Yin and three Yang meridians of upper limbs were examined and analysed simulaneously by jinluo unbalance instrument ( JUI). The results as follows, after Qigong, variety of conscious symptoms of the cases take a evident turn for the improvement. The UL of Pericardium Meridian ( P相似文献