Between Breivik and PEGIDA: the absence of ideologues and leaders on the contemporary European far right

In the aftermath of the Norwegian terror attacks of 22 July 2011, the question of agency with regard to the convicted perpetrator, Anders Behring Breivik, has frequently been discussed. Did he really act on his own? Were his actions self-directed? Was he, as a typical ‘lone wolf’, inspired by the prevalent far-right concept of ‘leaderless resistance’ or, simply, a blind tool, a string puppet pushed and pulled by dark forces, as some commentators have claimed? His cut-and-paste manifesto points to inspiration from ideas circulating in the European Counter Jihad Movement (ECJM), in itself a contradictory mix of ideological positions. A number of these ideas were given new life when the so-called ‘populist right-wing movement of indignation’, the Patriotische Europäer Gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes (PEGIDA) took to the streets of Dresden in the autumn of 2014. The driving force behind PEGIDA, Lutz Bachmann, with a past as petty criminal and doorman, is an unlikely front man for one of the most successful political initiatives in post-unification Germany. Comparing Breivik and PEGIDA, Önnerfors argues that the ECJM is part of the ‘third generation’ of right-wing discourse that is without a consistent world view, dominant leaders and prolific ideologues. Instead, in a new atmosphere of ‘politics of passion’ and ‘post-politics’, fuzzy ECJM ideology turns into a screen upon which diffuse uneasiness with current political affairs can be projected and channelled. Outside the scope of Önnerfors's article but worth noting is the considerable impact these developments have had on electoral support for right-wing populist parties such as the Front National in France, the Alternative für Deutschland in Germany and the Sverigedemokraterna in Sweden.     

Leaderless Resistance and the Loneliness of Lone Wolves: Exploring the Rhetorical Dynamics of Lone Actor Violence

“Leaderless resistance” and “lone wolf terrorism” are concepts that have steadily gained importance in the study of oppositional subcultures and terrorist groups, being used to describe the operational realities of a variety of terrorisms, from groups like Al Qaeda to Anders Breivik. In this article, I seek to describe leaderless resistance as a rhetorical construct, a meaning-conferring “ideology of effervescence” that lifts the spirits of both movement progenitors who advocate the strategy as well as incipient lone wolves who consider responding to their exhortations. Through an examination of the case of Wiebo Ludwig and the EnCana pipeline bombings of 2008–2009, I show how these rhetorics emerge in the interactions between activists and their political enemies. With this conception, we can (a) understand more fully the discursive/rhetorical dynamics involved in asymmetrical struggle, (b) problematize the acceptance of the organizational reality of leaderless resistance in the terrorism literature, and (c) question the assertion of some terrorism scholarship that refers to leaderless resistance and other ideologies of effervescence as hallmarks of the “new terrorism.”     

‘Where am I in this story?’ – listening to activist women writers*

This study discusses the dynamic roles of activist women in militarized societies. It offers an analysis of the perspectives of Israeli activist women regarding their roles as women activists and writers. In their non-fiction writings, these activist women voice their resistance and document both their everyday lives and political perspectives about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and their socio-political activism and resistance to the Israeli occupation. These women were interviewed regarding their perspectives and struggles. The interviews were analysed by applying narrative analysis – the ‘Listening Guide’ methodology – to explore their various voices and narratives. By using this methodology, this study sought to uncover additional knowledge regarding women’s forms of resistance in militarized societies. We emphasize the importance of women citizens’ voices, narratives and points of view by presenting activist women’s critical insights on activism, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and literature. Their curiosity, agency, critical perspectives, and resistance can be viewed as counter-narratives that de-centre Israeli hegemonic masculinity and demand a critique of the national and militarized ideology. Our article seeks to demonstrate the importance of women’s perspectives, everyday life experiences, dilemmas and struggles in a reality of conflict and war.     

微观权力分析——读米歇尔·福柯的《规训与惩罚》

通过对微观权力分析,指出福柯与传统自由主义"司法-论述性的分析"模式不同之处,他并没有采用合法与非法的二元对立的模式,而是将自由主义分析框架之中对权力分析所需要的价值基础从它的分析中剥离出去,因而将其自由主义社会本身中隐藏的微观权力用系谱学的方法揭示出来,指出的微观权力的隐匿性与生产性的特征.微观权力就隐藏在社会运作体制之中,隐藏在我们的日常生活之中,并且生产出了我们所认可的真理与知识,并且形成了规训社会.面对这样的规训社会,我们主体的本真性如何表达出来.因此随后分析了微观权力与反抗的关系,指出了福柯与司法-论述性的权力模式的代表哈贝马斯的不同,以及福柯给出的与韦伯对于现代性中个体的出路不同的分析.在对福柯的审美个体的反抗的进一步分析中指出,他的反抗模式在理论上可能存在暗含有基础性的可能性以及审美个体之间冲突的可能性,从而在理论上存在危险.同时在实践中,也对福柯提倡的大众生活的日常反抗的实践效果的可行性与个人的审美体验进行了质疑.     

资源失灵与阻抗力--基于M村婚姻暴力现象的研究

解释婚姻暴力时资源正功能论和资源负功能论并存,现实中女性拥有较多资源也可能长期遭受婚姻暴力,构成本文所谓"资源失灵"现象。本文通过对资源概念进行界定及分类,厘清问题本质,考察农村家庭中妻子面对婚姻暴力时经济资源失灵的过程与机理,揭示家庭背景、社区文化等结构资源对个体经济资源的主导作用,从阻抗力的角度思考相关对策。女性具有的男权中心性别观念会扭曲其对经济资源的主观认知,抑制其资源利用能力,导致资源失灵。家庭因素、社区环境等结构资源通过社会化过程影响个体的观念系统,也会以社会支持方式促进或压制经济资源的作用。婚姻暴力阻抗力能减少受暴女性对施暴者或者婚姻关系的依赖性,其产生需激活相应的外部结构资源,并激发个体的意愿与决心。     

浅议警察擒敌遭遇暴力反抗时的处置措施

近年来,暴力犯罪与暴力抗法日趋严重,在制服犯罪嫌疑人的过程中,公安机关人民警察付出了相当大的代价。警察在徒手擒徒手反抗的犯罪嫌疑人、犯罪嫌疑人持械具反抗以及徒步追擒徒步逃跑的犯罪嫌疑人时,经常发生警察伤亡。因此,在擒获犯罪嫌疑人的过程中,灵活、合理地运用各种动作与方法显得尤为重要。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)乳牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌的检测及其基因型分布

为了解采自内蒙古和上海地区的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)乳牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌的流行特点、耐药性和基因型分布,采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)2005年推荐的初筛及纸片确认方法对内蒙古地区的58株和上海地区的22株乳牛乳腺炎大肠杆菌进行了ESBLs的检测及耐药性分析,并采用PCR扩增和PCR产物测序方法对产ESBLs菌株进行基因分型。结果显示,内蒙古地区检出6株产ESBLs菌株,阳性率为10.34%,其中,有1株菌携带TEM-1基因,有1株携带CTX-M-14型基因,而有3株同时携带TEM-1型和CTX-M-14型2种基因,只有1株菌未检出上述基因。上海地区未检出产ESBLs菌株。结果表明,产ESBLs菌株多表现为多重耐药,对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株。     

轿车文明对都市社会空间的重塑

作为“流动的现代性”,轿车文明对当代城市社会发展的影响,绝不仅仅表现在便利快捷、产业利润、交通拥堵、噪音污染、尾气排放等具体而有形的利害层面,最具实质意义的是从根本上重塑了都市社会空间,并导致郊区的勃兴和内城的衰落、“公共领域”的私有化、城市空间的分化与隔离、“私”空间的流动性等剧烈变动。     

论中国宪政思想的特点——谈中国宪政构建中的本土情结与文化抵抗

一般认为,清末宪政运动是中国近代宪政史的开端.中国百年宪政构建的过程是西方宪政思想不断本土化和基督新教文化被逐步认同的过程,儒教文化在这一过程中也扮演了重要角色.百年中国宪政的构建颇多挫折,但其中有两个重要原因是:本土情结与文化抵抗.     

环氧煤沥青用于埋地管道防腐的适用性分析

根据生产实践和管道防腐涂料的发展状况 ,结合埋地管道涂层的国际规范RP0 6 19的规定和该涂层的国内技术规范 ,分析了该涂层对城市埋地管道防腐工程存在的问题和弊端。