明代对西域的经营及中西经济文化一体化交流

明代前期的开放与进取,确保了丝路畅通,后期由于消极保守中西交往逐渐疏远,经济文化一体化交流随之阻隔。     

论网络证券交易技术风险承担规则

网络证券交易存在的风险往往与网络技术不完善有关,最终要靠技术进步来解决,网络证券交易技术风险承担的制度设计应具有鼓励技术创新的功能.网络证券交易技术风险承担的具体规则应包括:可控制性规则、可预见性规则、效率规则、经济能力规则.     

俄罗斯中期经济发展走势分析

1999年以来,俄罗斯经济呈现出恢复性增长趋势。在综合考虑俄国内外诸种因素的情况下,初步预测结果为:2003年俄GDP实际增长可能达到5%以上;2004年工业生产增长速度同比可能达到4.0%～4.5%;2005年农产品年均增长速度将在3%～5%之间;2004年俄出口同比将增长到1015亿～1020亿美元,进口630亿～635亿美元;2004年吸引外资将上升到150亿～170亿美元;卢布与美元的比率将达到36～37卢布兑1美元;2004年俄居民名义货币收入将同比增加16%～18%。     

文化互动与社会变迁--明、清以来哈尼族与汉族文化的交流

哈尼族历来重视对汉族文化的吸纳与交流,其吸纳汉民族文化大致经历了从朦胧到明朗、从无意识到有意识、从个别到群体的逐渐普及和深化的过程。其间既有哈尼族的主动吸纳,又有汉文化自身的辐射、渗透以及两种文化的互动与交流,二者相得益彰,推动了哈尼族历史文化的进步和社会经济的不断发展。     

Are inputs sometimes outcomes? Some thoughts on definition in distributive justice

This paper argues that the central concepts of justice theory (e.g., inputs and outcomes) have not been well defined and that this lack of precision in definition has led to subsequent ostensible inconsistencies in empirical findings. We offer definitions of both inputs and outcomes in a manner that facilitates more formal theoretical formulations and specifies a functional relationship between the two. In addition, the concept of relevance is discussed. This discussion highlights the difference in determinations of what is relevant to an outcome and the moral desirability of the distribution rule producing those outcomes. We suggest that the perception of what is relevant to the production of an outcome and how much it should be weighted is a source of potential conflict and/or disagreement between groups who are allocators or recipients of resource distributions. The potential disjuncture between what is considered relevant and what is considered moral in terms of allocation decisions is a potential source of dissatisfaction and feelings of injustice across groups. The discussion also suggests that it is not simply a difference in rule preference across groups that may lead to negative feelings regarding allocations but even when groups agree on the rule they may not agree on either the factors to be included in the assessment of relevance or on the morality of the distribution resulting from such assessments. Finally we introduce the concept of exchange domain as a mechanism for facilitating theoretical development.     

Service Quality Effects of Incentive Regulation on Access Service in Telecommunications in the United States

Incentive regulation in the form of price caps was adopted for interstate access service in 1991 as a way to provide local exchange carriers with an incentive to improve their productive efficiency. An issue that has arisen with the adoption of price cap regulation is whether deterioration in service quality for interstate access service has been an unintended consequence. The analysis in this paper uses several different measures of service quality, including the average installation interval, the percent of commitments met, total trouble reports, and the average repair interval for both switched access service and special access service, to investigate empirically whether there has been a decline in service quality between 1991 and 2000. The results are conclusive. Overall service quality has fallen. To rectify the situation, a proposal is offered to adjust the price cap index to penalize LECs who fail to provide an acceptable level of aggregate service quality.     

论拒绝强迫自证其罪规则——以此为突破口设置我国沉默权制度

沉默权制度一直是我国刑事诉讼领域炙手可热的话题,然而当前是否已经具备了引进沉默权的条件,在我国目前的“本土”环境下其能否有效运行,还需进行辩证的分析。如沉默权所要求的制度条件,沉默权的引进应该暂缓,沉默权与拒绝自证其罪的关系。同时提出了以拒绝自证其罪的角度设置我国的沉默权制度。     

民事诉讼证据交换制度的立法探讨

证据交换的正当性虽然无可置疑,但其被规避适用却是实务中的普遍现象。设置证据交换制度有诉讼效率的考量,但其首要的价值目标却是公平和公正。审判效率得以提高的秘密不在于证据交换本身,而在于证据交换制度所依存的具有不可逆性的二元性诉讼结构。在制度层面上,司法解释与《民事诉讼法》的不兼容及司法解释技术自身的问题应当予以检讨。完整的具有实效性和可操作性的证据交换规则的确立包括两个大的方面：一是包含有实体性因素的证据交换规则;二是包含有程序性因素的证据交换规则。     

基于中阿合作视域的宁夏文化“走出去”战略探析

在中阿合作的进程中,宁夏文化的"走出去"是极其重要的,这是中阿合作的基础性和根本性工作。文化的"走出去",势必会深化中阿合作的内涵,丰富其内容,推动其不断走向更高的阶段,取得新的、更大的成效。因此,要明确中阿合作中宁夏文化"走出去"的重点领域,也要发挥政府在其中的主导作用。     

Antecedents of Psychological Empowerment: A Study of Greek Employees in Municipalities

ABSTRACT

Psychological empowerment has received a burgeoning attention among scholars and practitioners in the last decades. However, little is known about its antecedents in the public sector, and even more in municipalities. The present study attempts to fill this gap by examining the relationship of leader-member exchange (LMX), role conflict and role ambiguity with employees’ psychological empowerment. Data were collected from 210 administrative employees of nine Greek municipalities. Results supported our hypotheses that these three factors constitute important antecedents of such employees’ psychological empowerment. Theoretical and practical implications were also discussed.