Use of pepper spray in policing: retrospective study of situational characteristics and implications for violent situations

Pepper spray (OC) is a policing tool aimed to prevent or stop aggressive behavior by quickly and temporarily incapacitate without injuring. To date, few studies have investigated OC’s operational usefulness and limitations. OC reduced violent behavior in 93% of the 936 incidents investigated. However, the operative range was often <2 m and it took between 3 and 5 s of spraying before obtaining effect, partly owing to the difficulties of hitting a small, sometimes erratically moving target. Collateral hits were noted in 24% of the incidents, whereof 90% were other officers. Noteworthy, in 21% of incidents officers put themselves at large personal risk by using OC at close range against people armed with lethal weapons. Hence, OC emerges as a suitable tool for handling low threat situations but lacks key traits to ensure safe and efficient policing of high threat situations, e.g., handling armed assailants.     

EFFECT OF SUSPECT RACE ON OFFICERS’ ARREST DECISIONS*

Many respondents to opinion surveys say that the citizen's race influences how police officers treat the public, yet recent expert social‐science panels have declared that research findings are too contradictory to form a conclusion on whether American police are biased against racial minorities. We perform a meta‐analysis of quantitative research that estimates the effect of race on the police decision to arrest. Screening nearly 4,500 potential sources, we analyze the results based on 27 independent data sets that generated 40 research reports (both published and unpublished) that permitted an estimate of the effect size of the suspect's race on the probability of arrest. The meta‐analysis shows with strong consistency that minority suspects are more likely to be arrested than White suspects. Depending on the method of estimation, the effect size of race varied between 1.32 and 1.52. Converting the race effect size to probabilities shows that compared with the average probability in these studies of a White being arrested (.20), the average probability for a non‐White was calculated at .26. The significant race effect persists when taking into account the studies’ variations in research methods and the nature of explanatory models used in the studies. Implications for future research are presented.     

优化城市治安防范体系 创新警务管理模式——大连市社会管理创新的理论与实践研究

文章从非平衡和可拓分析的角度分析了在治安防范体系中推行信息效能特点以及警务转换桥机制,提出在社会管理创新的需求牵引下,要想使城市治安防范体系在改革与创新中获得时效,必须解决警务管理中的不相容问题。文中论述了危机意识、信息效能、学习精神和警务模式在其中的作用,提出了一些有待研究的课题。     

论公安院校的警务化管理

警务化管理是公安院校的主要管理方式。警务化管理对培养公安院校学生政治性、纪律性和警察意识、方便管理等方面具有积极的作用。但是,随着学生个性成长及实践中警务化管理与教学的冲突,迫切需要进一步完善。警务化管理首先应当突出学生的主体地位,强调学生参与;其次应当以服务于教学为主要理念;同时要突出公安特色;在具体手段上,应当强调刚柔并济。     

整体治理:现代警务机制创新的必然逻辑

"整体治理"是在对传统科层官僚制、新公共管理改革模式进行反思和扬弃的基础上形成的全新治理模式,是现代警务机制改革的必然逻辑和理想选择。其改革途径包括:发展整体服务型警务,深化公安大部制改革,建立"内联外协"式整体作战警务模式,运用信息技术建设及加强组织间协调,完善信息主导警务等方面。     

论全国人大的对外交往

随着中国改革开放的深入发展和国外议会外交的兴起,全国人大的对外交往活动也日益活跃。本文通过对近些年来全国人大对外交往活动的介绍和研究,试图揭示全国人大对外交往在我国整体外交中的地位、独特作用以及其对外交往活动对全国人大自身建设的重要意义。     

筷子巷派出所社区警务启示录

南昌市公安局筷子巷派出所在社区警务建设的经验有：第一,推行＂四个创新＂,即创新勤务工作模式,推进警务实战化;创新路面巡防机制,坚持警力跟着警情走;创新考核奖惩机制,实现警务工作高效化;创新《邱娥国工作方法》,推进基础工作信息化。第二,扣住基础工作,实行＂三个强化＂,即强化社区警务建设、人口管理和防范工作。第三,拓展为民的思想内涵,采取＂三项服务＂,即推行亲情化服务、公开化服务和效能化服务。筷子巷派出所对社区警务的启示是,要创建积极的职业价值观、信息警务应成为引领警务改革的引擎以及社区警务有重要的警政民主作用,以实现＂发案少,秩序好,社会稳定,群众满意＂这一社区警务的目标。当然,在解决社区民警职业发展瓶颈问题上,公安机关还需要强化服务性指标的考核、建立专业化评价机制,并理顺社区民警的职业发展通道。     

论恢复性警务——一种立足于社区的新型警务模式

恢复性警务来源于西方恢复性司法理念在警务领域中的扩展,由警察承担的恢复性司法工作逐渐演变成由警察发起的恢复性警务运动,恢复性警务立足于社区,强调社区关系的恢复,对于我国的警务改革有着重要的借鉴意义。     

浅析以情报信息为核心的主动型警务模式——以浙江省富阳市公安局的实践为视角

传统的被动型警务模式由于其固有的缺陷,难以适应现代社会的发展和警务理念的革新,在全国大力建设公安情报信息系统的背景下,只有将情报信息工作与警务模式的转变相结合,建立起以情报信息为核心的主动型警务模式,才能妥善应对社会治安局势的变化对公安工作提出的新要求。     

Armed,but too dangerous? Factors associated with citizen support for the militarization of the police

Images of police officers riding in armored vehicles and carrying military-grade weapons have become part of the public consciousness following the events in Ferguson, Missouri and several other high-profile police–citizen encounters. Although a great deal of research has investigated how and why US citizens perceive the police in various ways, almost no empirical work has asked how citizens perceive the militarization of the police. The current study analyzes data from a survey of 1005 US citizens to identify characteristics that are related to support for the use of military weapons and vehicles by local police departments. The results indicate that several demographic factors and perceptions of crime and the police are significantly related with citizen support for the militarization of the police. The implications of this research are discussed.