国外决策与执行分离对我国“行政三分制”改革的借鉴

自20世纪70年代末以来,西方各国掀起了一股新公共管理改革的潮流,其核心是将决策与执行分开,即设立执行局的做法。决策与执行分开属于行政机构内部纵向的管理职能的划分和转变,为当代行政体制的改革与发展提供了一种制度模式。研究西方政府决策与执行职能适度分离,对于我国的行政三分体制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

How Should Governments Make Risky Policy Decisions?

Public policy-making does not follow the long-established and well-recognised principles of rational decision analysis under risk. Public views of risk are often inconsistent and seemingly irrational, and a gulf exists between risk perceptions and attitudes of the public and those of 'experts'. On the other hand, experts often claim unjustifiably high levels of confidence in their predictions of policy choice outcomes, creating a lack of public faith in their recommendations. While risky policy choices deserve more systematic decision analysis, many challenges remain to effective implementation of such analyses. Among the suggestions for improvement that we offer is the need for more effective interaction between policy-makers, decision analysts and the public.     

Japan’s Contested Labour Market Reform

ABSTRACT

Over the past few decades, Japan’s labour market has faced substantial changes, represented by flexibility, an increase in the proportion of the non-regular workforce and rising inequality. Under the intense pressure of fluctuating business environments and protracted recession, Japan’s policy-makers have sought to resuscitate the troubled economy by further liberalising the relationship between capital and labour while also seeking to reduce widening inequality by providing social safety nets and protection for workers. This article examines the government’s labour market reforms since the late 2000s in response to these challenges. It argues that patterns of policy-making – centralised versus decentralised – have determined the political dynamics of labour market reform. More specifically, three aspects of decision-making – the role of the centralised policy-making agency, party-cabinet relations and legislative control in Diet – have explained the scope of the reform, although the reform target along the lines of employment status has affected the political process and outcome to some extent.     

政策执行专职化:政策制定与执行适度分开的改革路径

决策与执行分开是不可能的。政策执行专职化是政策制定与执行分开改革的合适表述。其在中国的现实路径是将设计更有效监督机制放在二者的关系中来考虑。改革要借鉴发达国家的经验,同时还要考虑国情、改革的价值和可操作性。基于以上考虑,本文首先对政策制定与执行适度分开的内涵进行了确认,其次就发达国家和地区的几种改革模式进行了分析,最后就我国的现实改革途径提出了自己的看法和建议。     

合理制定公共政策的路径：有效利用决策信息系统

决策信息系统是公共政策制定系统的基础和前提,政策制定者进行科学决策必须依赖可靠的信息系统,借助该系统提供的准确、及时、有效的信息。然而我国当前的政策信息系统却受诸多因素的制约,未能完全发挥作用。因此,要合理制定公共政策,就必须努力寻求消除这些制约因素的对策,有效利用决策信息系统。     

中国外交三十年:对进步与不足的若干思考

本文是对改革开放以来中国外交进步与转型的一种评估。作者认为,在过去的三十年,中国外交正在形成静悄悄的革命,其演进方向与全球进步的潮流是一致的,即:更加慎重的军事力量的使用;更加看重市场和贸易的因素;更多介入国际组织和法律的制订与实施过程;更加注意外交学习和制度创新;也更加强调外交为民服务和以人为本的宗旨。同时,作者指出了需要改进和加强的一些地方,如:"和谐世界"理念的落实问题;对外部批评的某些态度问题;应对复杂的主权纠纷时的不足问题;外交服务对象多重性的平衡问题;相对美国而言外交应对机制的单薄问题;资源的有限性与涉外安全需求之间日益扩大的矛盾现象;以及外交公信力研讨上的不足;等等。作者在看好中国外交转型的前景的同时,指出了这种转型的任重道远。     

公民社会的兴起对政策制定的影响

改革开放以来,随着国家与社会关系的调整和社会主义市场经济体制的建立,中国公民社会开始兴起。公民越来越多地借助于各种民间组织进入公共政策制定过程,影响政府的政策导向。公民社会的兴起提升了公民的参与意识,扩大了公民参与政策的范围,促进了政府政策制定模式转换和多元互动政策主体的出现。同时,公民社会的兴起也加剧了政策制定过程中的利益博弈,给政府的政策合意带来困难。     

我国公共政策制定过程中的公民参与问题

本文通过对我国公共政策制定过程中公民参与的现状和问题的分析,提出一些政策建议。     

Injured but Not Yet Dead: A Bottom-Up Perspective on the Swedish Governmental Commissions

This article analyzes the recurrent “erosion thesis” in the governance literature, arguing that bureaucratic or procedural public-sector institutions have come to play a less significant role in public-policy formation. Evidence from the Swedish policy-making institutions referred to as “governmental commissions” and adoption of the perspective of interest organizations support the claim. Using various theories of institutional change, I show that increased government control has reduced the influence of governmental commissions on policy, but not eliminated the belief held by interest organizations that the commissions are legitimate institutions.