作为政府工具的隐私影响评估:缘起、价值、实施与启示

隐私影响评估作为政府保护公民隐私的重要工具,已在西方发达国家隐私管理实践中有着二十多年的应用与发展历程。西方隐私影响评估缘起于公众隐私保护诉求和政府隐私管理需要,在特定的政府信息数据管理项目中通过识别隐私风险因素、评估隐私风险影响和制定隐私风险应对方案发挥着一系列积极作用。隐私影响评估的实施分为准备阶段、分析阶段和落实阶段。准备阶段的任务是描述评估锚定项目、选择评估执行时机、确定评估执行主体和明确评估协商对象,分析阶段的任务是描述项目信息流动、识别项目隐私风险和制定风险应对方案,落实阶段的任务是发布隐私评估报告、实施风险应对方案和持续更新评估结果。西方隐私影响评估的丰富实践给我国制定隐私影响评估指南、设置隐私影响评估机构、构建多元主体协商机制和建立隐私风险管理体系提供了重要启示。     

农村党建工作与经济发展和社会管理的互动——广西北流市村级党建运行模式及其启示

建设社会主义新农村任务的提出,使农村基层党组织在带领群众共同致富和进行良好的社会管理等方面面临新的挑战和问题。广西玉林北流市委积极正视这一问题,在探索农村基层党组织建设中,将地方经济发展和促进社会管理创新结合起来,带动了地方经济发展和社会管理水平的提升,同时也在这一过程中提高了基层党组织服务群众的能力,实现了农村基层党建工作与农村经济发展和社会管理的良性互动。     

Constructing a surveillance impact assessment

This paper describes surveillance impact assessment (SIA), a methodology for identifying, assessing and resolving risks, in consultation with stakeholders, posed by the development of surveillance systems. This paper appears to be the first such to elaborate an SIA methodology. It argues that the process of conducting an SIA should be similar to that of a privacy impact assessment (PIA), but that an SIA must take account of a wider range of issues, impacts and stakeholders. The paper categorises the issues and impacts to be considered in the conduct of an SIA and identifies the benefits of a properly conducted SIA.     

Regulatory policy outputs and impacts: Exploring a complex relationship

In this article, we pursue the objective of empirically testing the extent to which changes in environmental policy outputs can explain changes in environmental impacts. Previously, systematic testing of this relationship was hampered by the lack of a compelling measurement of changes in regulatory policy outputs. To remedy this, we present a novel approach to the measurement of events of regulatory output change. We illustrate our concept by employing data on changes in clean air regulations in 24 advanced democracies from 1976 to 2003. In a next step, we explore the extent to which changes in clean air regulations can account for changes in air pollutant emissions. The empirical analysis suggests that changes in clean air regulations cannot be unconditionally associated with changing intensities of air pollutant emission. We deem these results to have far‐reaching implications for the study of regulatory policy change.     

The triumph of regulatory politics: Benefit–cost analysis and political salience

While benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is now a permanent part of the regulatory process in the United States, and many other countries around the world as well as the European Union have adopted it or are moving toward it, there have been few empirical attempts to assess either whether its use improves regulations or how BCA interacts with the political environment. We use a unique US database of the costs and benefits of 109 economically significant regulations issued between 2000 and 2009 to examine whether the amount of information provided in the BCA or political factors surrounding the regulation better correlate with the net benefits of the regulation. We find that there is little correlation between the information provided by the analysis and the net benefits. However, we find that regulations that receive few public comments and are not issued at the end of an administration, have the highest net benefits. These are the regulations that are the least politically salient. This interaction between the political environment and the economic performance of a regulation has been under‐examined and deserves further study.     

贵州省女性服刑人员的心理健康状况及其相关因素研究

采用王征宇编制的症状自评量表和自编＂基本信息问卷＂对贵州省某女子监狱在押女犯进行施测,并用SPSS15.0对所得数据进行统计分析。结果显示,贵州省某女子监狱在押女性罪犯在症状自评量表上的总分、阳性症状分、阳性症状项目数以及9项因子的得分都显著高于全国常模,表明女性罪犯在躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执和精神病性方面都存在明显的异常心理;进一步研究发现,不同年龄、不同文化程度、不同犯罪类型和不同剩余服刑时间的被试者的心理健康水平存在明显的差异,而婚姻状况和已服刑时间不同的被试之间的心理健康水平没有明显差异。     

人格立法之时代性与人格权的权利内质

法律人格是时代背景的产物,时代背景的变化必然要求变革人格立法以满足权利主体的正当性需求。以罗马法为代表的人格立法向以《法国民法典》等为代表的人格立法的发展,确立了以人之生命的保全和促进为目的的伦理性法律人格制度。这种法律上对人的伦理关怀,在遭遇现代科技特别是生命科技等因素的时候,使得单纯以生命的保全和促进为目的的人格立法不再与人的实现这一法律命令相一致。于此,个体主张其享有的人格权不应仅限于防御性的权利而应内涵积极请求权的特质。一方面,德国等国的法律实践对此态度犹豫不决,另一方面,现实生活中的个体因为其正当性权利要求得不到法律上的支持而陷入困境之中。因此,必须适时承认个体的这种权利主张以满足人之实现的法律命令。     

The Discourse of the Extreme Right and Its Ideological Implications: The Case of the Alleanza nazionale on Immigration

Against the background of research on Italian parliamentary debates on immigration, ter Wal looks at the ideological positions of the extreme-right Alleanza nazionale (AN) concerning both immigration and integration policy. In order to unravel the ideological implications she focuses on examples of various rhetorical strategies enacted in speeches by several of the party's MPs: including stategies of self- and other-presentation, and of justification and causal explanation. This analysis shows how the AN manages to propagate an ideology of ethnic nationalism that eschews the egalitarian norms and cultural pluralism necessary for full participation by migrants. The AN's transformation and re-interpretation of the meaning of the key values of equality andsolidarietàfunction as a justification for the restriction of migrants' rights. Speakers shift the perspective from immigrants' problems to the socio-economic problems of Italians in order to recommend a policy of 'the own people first'. While the AN's discourse thus continues to build on traditional extreme-right beliefs and claims, on the other hand it also espouses New Right ideologies of cultural relativism. Moreover, unlike that of radical-right parties, the AN's discourse does not express blatant forms of ethnic prejudice in the form of stereotypical beliefs and negative representations of immigrants' personal characteristics, nor does it blame immigrants, who are rather represented, and sympathized with, as victims. The moderation of and internal contradictions in its discourse makes the AN difficult     

中国宪法实施的双轨制

与许多西方国家的宪法实施模式不同,宪法审查并非中国宪法实施的主要方式。中国司法机关不能根据宪法直接审查立法的合宪性,而作为有权机关的全国人大常委会,也没有做出过宪法解释或宪法判断。这是中国宪法实施的真实状况,但不是中国宪法实施的全部。从比较法角度看,中国宪法更像一个政治纲领式的宣言,更多依靠政治化方式实施。伴随着法治化进程,中国的宪法实施逐渐由单一依靠政治化实施,过渡到政治化实施与法律化实施同步推进、相互影响的双轨制格局。宪法的政治化实施体现为执政党主导的政治动员模式,而宪法的法律化实施则是以积极性实施为主、消极性实施为辅的多元实施机制。在比较法的意义上,政治化实施和法律化实施的双轨制,可以为描述中国宪法实施提供一个理论框架。     

浙江省城市与农村初中生学校幸福感比较研究

研究浙江省初中生学校幸福感的总体特征，比较城市与农村初中生学校幸福感的差异。采用随机取样的方法对5353名城市和农村初中生进行问卷测查。结果表明：浙江省初中生的总体学校幸福感明显偏向于积极良好的一面，城市初中生的学校幸福感高于农村初中生，但经过三年的初中生活，城市和农村学生的学校幸福感都呈明显的下降趋势。