农村民主选举制度的正负效能分析

民主选举是村民自治的开始,在实践中,不少人认为村民自治就只是搞民主选举,从而过分夸大村委会选举的民主成就,因此,有必要对农村自治中的民主选举制度进行理性评价。事实上,农村民主选举对村民、候选人、村庄以及国家治理既能产生正效能,也会产生负效能。客观认识其在村民自治中的地位和作用,对于推动农村基层民主的真正实现具有重要意义。     

女性在整形美容实践中的角色分析

随着经济的繁荣与医学的发展,整形美容业在我国悄然走俏,并逐渐成为一种普遍的大众消费形式.尽管整容导致毁容的事件频频出现,广大爱芙女性仍不改初衷,前赴后继地加入"整形美容战"中.然而,女性在这场没有硝烟的战争中扮演着何种角色?对此大致有两种对立的观点:被动受害者和主动行动者.整容看似是一种自我的积极改变,本质却是通过"自残"抵抗自己无力改变的命运,因此广大女性应理性地看待这一行为,做出科学合理的决断.     

思想政治教育主体间的良性交往及其实现

当前思想政治教育中教育者与受教育者之间交往关系的异化,影响了思想政治教育的实效性,建构一种以地位平等、以人为本、贴近生活、相互理解、互惠共赢为本蕴的主体间良性交往的思想政治教育很有必要。转变教育者的思维方式、强化受教育者的主体意识、推行双向互动的教育模式、采取平等对话的语言交流方式、选取贴近生活世界的教育内容,是实现思想政治教育主体间良性交往的理性选择。     

地方立法中的灵魂——“地方特色”

在＂不抵触、有特色、可操作＂等相关地方立法的基本原则背后,我们发现,地方立法的灵魂无疑就是＂有特色＂,只有充分地了解和掌握国家的发展路线和方针政策,通过自身的经验来弥补中央立法的不足之处,才是地方立法质量提高的一个合理的对策。     

公共成本对权利观念与宪政理论重构的影响

＂权利的成本＂理论从＂权利依赖于税＂这一常识出发,立足于权利的可行性,厘清了传统权利观念的种种误解。法律权利的实现需要公共成本负担,因而消极权利和积极权利两分法并不适当,一切权利都是积极权利,都需要政府的积极保护。公共资源有限,权利的实现需要平衡,因此具有相对性,而非常见的绝对性。这也论证了权利与责任的内在一致性,提倡从权利话语到责任话语的重构。个人自由在本质上依靠社会合作与政府行动,私人权利也具有公共属性和促进社会整合的功能。这超越了权力与权利的零和博弈,从一个新的角度为面临危机的自由主义宪政体制做出了论证。但在中国独特的语境下,应注意保持这一理论作为自由宣言书的底色,避免其沦为行政擅权的辩护词。同时应正视税收对宪政的促进作用并完善公共预算改革。     

我国村民自治积极探索中的困境及成果

村民自治在推行过程中丰硕的成果,诸如“海选”、“村名公决”、“预选”、“两票制”等制度创新,新的法律的推行包括“大学生村官”等政策扶持,使得村民自治的推行前景广阔。但是,农村强大的“宗族势力”对村民自治的挑战、以及如何处理与村党委和乡镇政府的关系等都是村民自治面临的难题。     

国际金融危机对日本经济的主要影响因素分析——基于MIMIC模型的硏究

2008年由美国次贷危机引发的"金融海啸"席卷全球,日本经济也受到了强烈的冲击。日本MIMIC模型的建立发现了影响日本"危机强度"的国内信贷/GDP和政府债务/GDP两个国内主要影响因素,对各种传染渠道进行检验后发现了这次引起日本金融危机的主要是贸易传染渠道,对上述国内外主要影响因素进行分析,日本政府为刺激经济的一系列扩张性政策,在金融市场中并没有转化为有效的投资和需求反而大大增加了政府债务。     

Understanding the notion of risk in the General Data Protection Regulation

The goal of this contribution is to understand the notion of risk as it is enshrined in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), with a particular on Art. 35 providing for the obligation to carry out data protection impact assessments (DPIAs), the first risk management tool to be enshrined in EU data protection law, and which therefore contains a number of key elements in order to grasp the notion. The adoption of this risk-based approach has not come without a number of debates and controversies, notably on the scope and meaning of the risk-based approach. Yet, what has remained up to date out of the debate is the very notion of risk itself, which underpins the whole risk-based approach. The contribution uses the notions of risk and risk analysis as tools for describing and understanding risk in the GDPR. One of the main findings is that the GDPR risk is about “compliance risk” (i.e., the lower the compliance the higher the consequences upon the data subjects' rights). This stance is in direct contradiction with a number of positions arguing for a strict separation between compliance and risk issues. This contribution sees instead issues of compliance and risk to the data subjects rights and freedoms as deeply interconnected. The conclusion will use these discussions as a basis to address the long-standing debate on the differences between privacy impact assessments (PIAs) and DPIAs. They will also warn against the fact that ultimately the way risk is defined in the GDPR is somewhat irrelevant: what matters most is the methodology used and the type of risk at work therein.     

“Regulation,I presume?” said the robot – Towards an iterative regulatory process for robot governance

This article envisions an iterative regulatory process for robot governance. In the article, we argue that what lacks in robot governance is actually a backstep mechanism that can coordinate and align robot and regulatory developers. In order to solve that problem, we present a theoretical model that represents a step forward in the coordination and alignment of robot and regulatory development. Our work builds on previous literature, and explores modes of alignment and iteration towards greater closeness in the nexus between research and development (R&D) and regulatory appraisal and channeling of robotics’ development. To illustrate practical challenges and solutions, we explore different examples of (related) types of communication processes between robot developers and regulatory bodies. These examples help illuminate the lack of formalization of the policymaking process, and the loss of time and resources that the waste of knowledge generated for future robot governance instruments implies. We argue that initiatives that fail to formalize the communication process between different actors and that propose the mere creation of coordinating agencies risk being seriously ineffective. We propose an iterative regulatory process for robot governance, which combines the use of an ex ante robot impact assessment for legal/ethical appraisal, and evaluation settings as data generators, and an ex post legislative evaluation instrument that eases the revision, modification and update of the normative instrument. In all, the model breathes the concept of creating dynamic evidence-based policies that can serve as temporary benchmark for future and/or new uses or robot developments. Our contribution seeks to provide a thoughtful proposal that avoids the current mismatch between existing governmental approaches and what is needed for effective ethical/legal oversight, in the hope that this will inform the policy debate and set the scene for further research.