Does the Statutory Regulation of Advance Decision-Making Provide Adequate Respect for Patient Autonomy?

This paper considers advance decision-making in the context of healthcare. The common law recognition of advance decisions is contrasted with new statutory provision. This paper will examine the Mental Capacity Act 2005 framework for advance decisions and lasting powers of attorney. The ‚best interests’ test and substituted judgment as criteria for proxy decision-making are compared by application to a case example. The paper examines the statutory safeguards in respect of refusals of ‚life-sustaining treatment’ and postulates that these safeguards may render respect for autonomous advance decision-making difficult to achieve in practice.     

System-Justifying Functions of Complementary Regional and Ethnic Stereotypes: Cross-National Evidence

According to system justification theory, stereotyping is an ideological process that serves to justify the status quo and bolster the legitimacy of the existing social order. The present research investigates the system-justifying role of complementary stereotypes in which high-status groups are represented as agentic and achievement-oriented and low-status groups as communal and interpersonally oriented. We demonstrate that such complementary stereotypes: (a) reflect a high degree of consensus across high- and low-status perceiver groups; (b) are endorsed more strongly to the extent that system justification motives are chronically or temporarily activated; and (c) serve an ideological function by enhancing the perceived legitimacy of the existing social system. Evidence concerning regional and ethnic stereotypes in Italy, England, and Israel provides converging evidence for the system-justifying function of complementary stereotypes and reveals remarkable similarity in the contents of stereotypes of different groups that happen to occupy similar status positions in their respective societies.     

论零雨的后现代诗歌写作

台湾新世代女诗人零雨的后现代诗歌写作,极富“知性”与“理性”以及由此而来的“反抒情”、“反历史”等审美特征。具体表现为对历史合理性与合法性的尖锐质疑,对主体丧失后的悲情进行形象观照,对权力话语的深度解构,表现日常生活的庸常性和凡俗性。从而在后现代的文化版图上,展现了人类生存的悲凉处境。     

研究军事文化论纲

建设中国先进军事文化,对于加速我军现代化建设,推动中国特色社会主义文化的发展,具有重要的理论和实践意义。为此,必须探讨军事文化的内涵与分类、产生与发展、特征与功能,军事文化对战斗力的影响以及当代中国先进军事文化的基本要求。     

略论加强对权力的制约和监督

加强对权力的制约和监督,必须以"三个代表"重要思想为指导,坚持人民当家作主原则、权力制衡原则、依法治权原则以及党的领导原则。加强权力运作中的制约和监督,重在制度建设和机制创新。一是必须建立制约有效的权力运作机制;二是必须完善权力运作过程中的民主监督制度。     

探寻党建“三个统一”创新党的执政理念

在党的自身建设中,坚持"三个统一",创新党的执政理念是新时期政党建设的崭新课题,此文通过探寻党建"三个统一"的出发点、结合点、归宿点,把理论创新、实践创新和群众创新注入党的自身建设中,实现党的执政理念的全面创新.     

Social Influence and the Power of Minorities: An Analysis of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Communist Manifesto</Emphasis>

In this paper, we investigate the strategies that a minority uses to exert direct influence toward social change through the qualitative analysis of a document that has prompted people toward collective action and change, namely the Communist Manifesto. To inform and guide the qualitative analysis, a social psychological model of social influence was used (G. Mugny, The Power of Minorities, Academic Press, London, 1982). According to this model, in order for minorities to exert influence it is important to target those in the majority that, although perhaps numerous, are powerless. The minority needs to create and maintain an antagonism with the powerful majority while, simultaneously, it needs to boost the identity of the powerless majority and to invent itself as the group that can guide them to overthrow the powerful. The analysis suggests that the minority follows three strategies: (a) The declaration of a world vision suggesting a system of categorization that objectifies power relations and creates different targets for influence and for conflict; (b) The construction of the minoritys identity as a particular group that is part but prototypical of the target of influence–the population; (c) The creation and maintenance of relations of antagonism with that part of the majority that holds the power. This enables the minority to avoid being portrayed as deviants, enables them to stand as equals to the majority, and creates the impression that the minority has the potential to overthrow the powerful majority from its position.     

Intergroup Biases as a Function of Reflected Status Appraisals and Support for Legitimizing Ideologies: Evidence from the USA and Israel

Theory and research suggest that members of high-status groups feel more positively about their own group than members of low-status groups feel about their group. The studies presented here test two hypotheses derived from this general idea (1) that members of high-status groups will show greater bias in favor of the in-group when they believe that others perceive the status difference between their group and relevant low-status groups to be larger; and (2) that this relationship will be stronger when high-status group members also endorse ideologies legitimizing their privileged status. However, because low group status may have self-protective properties, it was hypothesized that imputed status differences would not relate to out-group bias among low-status group members, regardless of ideology endorsement. Two studies—using samples from the United States and Israel, respectively—provided clear support for these hypotheses. Implications for the study of both intergroup biases and legitimizing ideologies are discussed.     

毛泽东执政党思想作风忧患意识

毛泽东执政党思想作风忧患意识,立足于中国共产党的历史与现状,强调坚持执政为民,就必须坚持与发扬谦虚谨慎、不骄不躁的作风;立足于党的庄严使命和社会重任,强调要坚持执政兴邦,就必须保持和发扬艰苦奋斗的作风;立足于反腐蚀、经受执政考验,强调保持党的政治本色,就必须要特别警惕资产阶级思想的侵蚀,防止自身蜕化变质。其在运用及价值实现方面把握了三个关键性问题:注重反思历史、审视现实与坚持、发扬党的优良作风的高度统一:注重加强党的思想作风建设与体现党的性质、宗旨的高度统一;注重拒腐防变、勤政廉政与确保党不变质、国不变色的高度统一。     

论社区治理中的多元权力互动

治理的权力向度是多元的而不是单一的,它强调协调而不是控制,强调权利主体责任的模糊性和相互依赖而不是彼此孤立和封闭。治理理论在社区管理中具有实证的经验依据和现实必要性。党组织、政府组织、自治组织、非营利组织都是社区治理的主体。多元主体的持续互动,是增进公共利益、促进社区良治的基础。而党组织和政府组织则是社区良治的领导和主导力量。