Linking self- and social control with deviance: Illuminating the structure underlying a general theory of crime and its relation to deviant activity

The present paper operationalizes and empirically tests the most recent theoretical speculations of Hirschi and Gottfredson regarding an individual level characteristic of self-control and its relation to earlier specifications of control theory as well as the literature on personality. Linkages are drawn between their broad delineation of self-control and personal disorders of hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention deficits, and minor conduct problems. Psychologists disagree about whether such disorders represent single or multiple traits and whether both behavioral and cognitive measures can appropriately depict personality characteristics. Employing structural equation techniques, support for several propositions derived from Gottfredson and Hirschi's thesis is found: Self-control subsumes several personality disorders and is significantly comprised by early behavioral indicators of aggression and fighting, is inversely related to other elements of the social bond, is moderately stable over a short period of time, and significantly predicts criminal convictions. However, questions remain regarding the ubiquity of self-control, the magnitude and meaning of stability, and the power of this perspective to explain all forms of self-reported delinquency.     

DOES CRIME JUST MOVE AROUND THE CORNER? A CONTROLLED STUDY OF SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF CRIME CONTROL BENEFITS*

Recent studies point to the potential theoretical and practical benefits of focusing police resources on crime hot spots. However, many scholars have noted that such approaches risk displacing crime or disorder to other places where programs are not in place. Although much attention has been paid to the idea of displacement, methodological problems associated with measuring it have often been overlooked. We try to fill these gaps in measurement and understanding of displacement and the related phenomenon of diffusion of crime control benefits. Our main focus is on immediate spatial displacement or diffusion of crime to areas near the targeted sites of an intervention. Do focused crime prevention efforts at places simply result in a movement of offenders to areas nearby targeted sites—“do they simply move crime around the corner”? Or, conversely, will a crime prevention effort focusing on specific places lead to improvement in areas nearby—what has come to be termed a diffusion of crime control benefits? Our data are drawn from a controlled study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, New Jersey. Two sites with substantial street‐level crime and disorder were targeted and carefully monitored during an experimental period. Two neighboring areas were selected as “catchment areas” from which to assess immediate spatial displacement or diffusion. Intensive police interventions were applied to each target site but not to the catchment areas. More than 6,000 20‐minute social observations were conducted in the target and catchment areas. They were supplemented by interviews and ethnographic field observations. Our findings indicate that, at least for crime markets involving drugs and prostitution, crime does not simply move around the corner. Indeed, this study supports the position that the most likely outcome of such focused crime prevention efforts is a diffusion of crime control benefits to nearby areas.     

知识产权私权性质的变化及其与技术创新政策的协调机制探析

从知识经济时代知识产权传统私权性质的变化以及知识产权法律公法属性增强的现实出发,阐 明21世纪在作为重要生产要素的知识产权已经成为社会科技进步和经济增长的主要动力的前 提下,技术创新政策与知识产权法律的协调配合就成为整个激励智力创造和技术创新制度安排 的必须。对技术创新政策与知识产权法律的协调机制从总体上进行探讨,并就科技计划制定和 科技战略规划、科技成果界定及其知识产权归属以及科技成果的奖励制度等方面作了具体研究。     

我国行政听证制度的现状及其完善

行政听证程序是行政程序法的核心内容,但目前我国行政听证还存在许多不足之处。本文立足分析我国行政听证制度的缺陷,就如何建立高质量的行政听证制度提出了相应对策:更新观念;构建关于听证制度的立法体系;扩大听证程序的适用范围;完善听证代表制度;完善听证笔录制度;加强对行政听证程序的监督和救济。     

我国城市地下水环境保护的法律机制

城市地下水在社会经济发展和生态环境平衡等方面起到不可替代的作用。我国城市地下水环境存在着严重污染、严重超采和生态恶化的状况。而城市地下水环境的有效保护有赖于相关法律机制的健全。因此从城市地下水环境规划,到具体制度的设计,再到法律责任的落实,以及最终环境法治的实现,是城市地下水环境保护的法律机制的不断完善和实现其功能的过程。     

建立交通管理社区警务体制刍议

随着社会经济的发展 ,原有的交通勤务管理方式的局限性越来越突出 ,改革现有的交通勤务管理模式 ,建立社区警务体制 ,是适应城市社区改革 ,推进交通安全社会化 ,提高管理效能 ,发挥民警主观能动性的需要。对此 ,应合理设置警务管理区 ,确定交通管理社区警务职责 ,规范交通管理社区警务运作模式。     

法制统一维护制度之检视与完善

法制统一的维护不力需要进行制度上的反思。法制统一制度在主体配置、权限分工以及维护机制等方面均存在诸多问题和缺陷,因此需要优化配置法制统一的维护主体,合理分工维护权限,健全完善维护机制,从而完善法制统一维护制度。     

关于公司法实施中的若干问题

在公司法实施中暴露的主要问题是发起人虚假出资、控制股东行为不规范、公司人格混同及被滥用现象突出。完善公司立法应立足中国国情,统一公司与企业法,重构公司资本制度,降低公司设立门槛,完善公司治理,细化债权人保护规则以增强法的可诉性;在公司司法方面,宜完善司法解释并由最高人民法院公布公司案例,发挥其引导作用;在揭开公司面纱方面尤其应结合中国的国情和司法实践,而不宜机械地照般国外的理论。     

论经营判断原则在欧洲反收购立法中的运用--兼"严格中立原则"之检讨

通过对欧洲反收购立法中采用的严格中立原则中存在的忽视股东集体行动和董事对于非股东利益相关者的义务、经验主义、为政府强制性反收购措施所不容等非理性状况的分析,提出了在欧洲反收购立法中采用经营判断原则的建议,认为这样可以为敌意收购行为提供更统一的运作环境,保护股东利益,减少成员国在建立反垄断屏障的压力,并且为企业在采取反收购行动时提供更丰富的选择。     

知识产权临时禁令制度的理性应用

我国为了加入世界贸易组织，对知识产权相关法律进行了一系列修改，特别是确立了临时禁令制度。它对知识产权权利救济与防止损害进一步扩大有着重要意义。本文以临时禁令制度的适用审查机制为切入点，论述了如何完善临时禁令制度对被申请人权利的保护，提出几点审查知识产权侵权案件的使用标准。