我国城市贫困儿童的现状、问题及对策

我国城乡二元结构的体制,在一定程度上导致了对我国城市贫困儿童问题的忽视。笔者在对武汉、西安、福建三地调研基础上得出以下结论:我国城市贫困家庭中的儿童的生存与发展现状并不乐观。我国城市反贫困政策在儿童保护方面仍存在许多缺陷,需要进一步完善。     

Intra-household gender inequality: hidden dimensions of poverty among Polish women

This paper challenges recent findings from quantitative studies of poverty in post-communist countries which deny the existence of gender differences in poverty in post 1989 Poland. The author uncovers hidden forms of the feminization of poverty by studying it from the micro-perspective of the family and the household. This perspective highlights gender differences in the division of labor, leisure time, as well as the fact that it is women’s primary responsibility to secure the basic needs of the family. This study presents strong evidence for a variety of ways in which men and women experience and endure poverty differently in an impoverished area in Poland, a fact which is associated with the role of culture, history and tradition in shaping gendered patterns of reaction towards poverty and hardship. The paper is based on the content analysis of in-depth interviews collected during a field research conducted within the project “Old and new forms of poverty in Poland” (1997–1998) and “Poverty, Ethnicity, and Gender inTransitional Societies (1999–2000).¹     

精确打击理论的实践与思考

精确打击理论,体现在刑侦工作的实践中,就是用定性定量方法把握打击重点,以情报信息为先导,拓展多元化打击模式,提高侦查破案的精确度和成功率.这种理论的实践启示我们,必须加强情报信息基础工作,树立证据第一意识,充分运用现代科技手段.     

Justifications of Violence

The classical and the former Catholic doctrines of tyrannicide remind us that in the Western tradition of citizenship and political thought, tyrannicide is worthy. Recent legislation against the glorification of terrorism is too wide and vague, and denies any link between tyrannicide and liberty. A good production of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar should not make the act of tyrannicide per se problematic, but should seize the dilemma of whether or not Julius Caesar was becoming a tyrant rather than a consul with constitutional powers for war or emergency. Both Hannah Arendt and our contemporary Ted Honderich offer philosophical justifications of violence in defined and not uncommon circumstances. Terrorism is sometimes the only resort of the poor and oppressed.     

全面建设小康社会进程中云南农村人口脱贫致富研讨

云南省要与全国同步实现全面小康社会的目标,重点在农村,难点在贫困人口。需要在掌握云南贫困人口基本状况的基础上,分析存在困难的原因和解决问题的条件,进而有针对性地探讨脱贫致富的有效途径。     

权利贫困的个人综合能力原因分析

权利贫困是权利享受不足的状态,可以分为政治权利贫困、经济权利贫困、社会权利贫困、文化权利贫困。权利的要素表明,权利需要能力作为支撑才能为个体获得或维持。个人综合能力不足是造成权利贫困的一个重要原因。     

Functioning Achievements in Urban Bangladesh: A Comparison with Rural Areas

In view of the differences in the nature and concept of poverty across rural and urban regions, this article argues that a nationwide standardised poverty reduction strategy package may not be equally effective in these two regions. This article examines the limitations of existing poverty assessment approaches used in Bangladesh and identifies various indicators that are responsible for the achievement of higher level functioning in urban regions in contrast to rural areas. The methodology of the study is based on 917 samples of poor persons with microcredit collected from nine districts of Bangladesh. Significant differences have been observed in the indicators of poverty for rural and urban areas. The results from our participatory study reveal that the urban poor are more inclined towards social functioning achievements such as voting, decision-making at both household and work levels, having a voice at local meetings and co-operatives, whereas the rural poor are still demanding the most basic requirements.     

西部欠发达地区扶贫开发与新农村建设协调推进的成功实践——陕西省实施板块推进、连片开发式扶贫战略调查

西部欠发达地区如何实现扶贫开发与新农村建设有机结合,协调发展,陕西省联系省情实际,认真落实中央建设新农村与构建和谐社会的各项方针政策,坚持以部门支农资金为基础,以县级整合扶贫资源为关键,创造性地实施了整合资源、板块推进、连片开发式扶贫战略,为新阶段扶贫开发与新农村建设的有机结合和协调推进,创出了一条新路子。     

医疗损害举证责任之缓和规则

医疗损害举证责任缓和是指在诉讼中患方的举证达到一定的程度,无法达到法律要求的证明标准情况下,实行举证责任转换,由医方承担举证责任的一种举证责任规则。它是一种不同于举证责任倒置的,有效平衡医患双方当事人在诉讼中举证能力的,充分体现诉讼武器平等原则的举证责任制度。在患方的证明具有相当程度因果关系的可能性、医方无法证明医疗行为与损害结果之间没有因果关系及具备对此种因果关系推定的基础性条件的情况下,才能适用医疗损害举证责任缓和规则。在我国现行立法规定的举证责任规则不能完全保护患方权益的情况下,为了提高诉讼效率,公正、合理地裁判医疗损害纠纷案件,有必要在法律上引入和构建举证责任缓和规则。     

The Influence of Nondisclosure on the Mental Health of Urban African-American Adolescents Exposed to Community Violence

African-American youth residing in urban poverty have been shown to be at increased risk for exposure to violence and internalizing symptoms, but there has been little investigation of moderating processes that might attenuate or exacerbate this association. The current study examined nondisclosure as a possible moderator of the association between community violence and internalizing symptoms with a sample of 152 low-income urban African-American early adolescents using hierarchical regression analyses. Results revealed that nondisclosure for relationship reasons (e.g., adults could not be trusted to provide needed support) moderated the association between exposure to community violence and internalizing symptoms. Unexpectedly, however, results of simple effects analyses revealed a stronger association between exposure to violence and internalizing symptoms for youth who disclosed more to adults. Although unexpected, this pattern builds upon prior research indicating that adult–child relationships are compromised within the context of urban poverty and that protective factors may lose their power under conditions of extreme stress.